Chapter 5:Classification and Balancing of Chemical Reactions

Combustion

Combustion

________ is the burning of a fuel by rapid oxidation with oxygen in air.

Respiration

________ is the process of breathing and using oxygen for the many biological redox reactions that provide the energy required by living organisms.

→STEP

________ 1: Write an unbalanced equation, using the correct formulas for all given reactants and products.

Corrosion

________ is the deterioration of a metal by oxidation, such as the rusting of iron in moist air.

monatomic ion

A(n) ________ has an oxidation number equal to its charge.

Law of conservation of mass

________ states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

correct proportion

When acids and bases are mixed in the ________, both acidic and basic properties disappear because of a neutralization reaction.

oxidation number

An atom in its elemental state has a(n) ________ of 0.

new compounds

The bonds between atoms in the reactants are rearranged to form ________ in chemical reactions, but none of the atoms disappear and no new ones are formed.

aqueous solution

If a substance has a low solubility in water, then it is likely to precipitate from a(n) ________.

two ionic compounds

Most precipitations take place when the anions and cations of ________ change partners.

molecular compound

In a(n) ________, an atom usually has the same oxidation number it would have if it were a monatomic ion.

→STEP

________ 3: Check the equation to make sure the numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation are the same.

oxidation numbers

The sum of the ________ in a neutral compound is 0.

Oxidation number

________ (or oxidation state), which indicates whether the atom is neutral, electron- rich, or electron- poor.

→STEP 1

Write an unbalanced equation, using the correct formulas for all given reactants and products

→ STEP 2

Add appropriate coefficients to balance the numbers of atoms of each element

→STEP 3

Check the equation to make sure the numbers and kinds of atoms on both sides of the equation are the same

→STEP 4

Make sure the coefficients are reduced to their lowest whole-number values

RULE 1

A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the following cations

Group 1A cation

Li +, Na +, K+, Rb+, Cs+

Ammonium ion

NH4+

RULE 2

A compound is probably soluble if it contains one of the following anions

Halide

Cl-, Br -, and I

→The H + ion from the acid combines with the OH

ion from the base to give neutral H2O, whereas the anion from the acid 1A-2 combines with the cation from the base 1M+2 to give the salt

The economic consequences of rusting are enormous

it has been estimated that up to one-fourth of the iron produced in the United States is used to replace bridges, buildings, and other structures that have been destroyed by corrosion

precipitation reactions

processes in which an insoluble solid called a precipitate forms when reactants are combined in aqueous solution. Most precipitations take place when the anions and cations of two ionic compounds change partners.

neutralization reaction

processes in which an acid reacts with a base to yield water plus an ionic compound called a salt.

bleaching

redox reactions to decolorize or lighten coloured material.

metallurgy

the science of extracting and purifying metals from their ores, makes use of numerous redox processes.