Basic Statistics in Research: Definitive Study Notes

What Is Statistics in Research?

•is the science of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting, and communicating data.

Variables?

characteristics or properties that can take on different valuesacross individuals or observations.

Levels of Measurement NOMINAL

categories without order.

Levels of Measurement Ordinal

ordered categories

Levels of Measurement Interval

equal intervals without a true zero.

Levels of Measurement Ratio

equal intervals with a meaningful zero.

Descriptive statistics

•Summarizes observed data

•Frequency, percentage, mean, median, mode.

•Variance and standard deviation.

•Tables and graphs.

Inferential Statistics

•Uses sample data to make statements about a population.

•Confidence intervals.

•Hypothesis tests.

•Regression and other model-based analyses.

•Requires attention to uncertainty and assumptions.