CHEMISRTY ( seperating mixtures )

What is solute

substance being dissolved ( mainly solid )

What is solvent?

Liquid that the solute is being dissolved in

Solution?

Mixture of solute and the solvent

What is an insoluble solid?

A substance that does not dissolve in a particular solvent.

Filtration technique

Used to seperate insoluble solids from a liquid e.g sand and water.

Done with a conical flask, filter paper and a funnel.

the funnel is placed over the conical flask and the filter paper is rolled and placed onto the funnel.

The mixture is poured onto the filter paper, and only the water particales are passed through the filter paper, whereas the sand particales remain on the filter paper.

Evaporation technique

Used to seperate Solube solids from liquids, e.g salt and water.

Done with an evaporating dish and a bunsen burner

You pour the solution into the evaporating dish and heat it by putting it over a bunsen burner. The solvent will start to evaporate, and solution will become more concentrated.

Crystals will start to form, but u still keep heating it until there are dry crystals left.

Crystallisation technique

This is for solutes that decompose with heat.

Done with an evaporating dish and a bunsen burner.

Pour the solution in the evaporating dish and heat it by placing it over a bunsen burner.

Some of the solvent gets evaporated and crystals start to form.

At this point, remove the dish from the heat, and let the solution cool.

The crystals for, and they become insoluble in the cold, highly concentrated solution.

filter the crystals out of the solution, and leave them in a warm place.

What condensor?

Used to cool hot vapours, causing them to condense back into a liquid.

Distillation technique

used to seperate liquid from solutions e.g ethanol and water

Used with; Boiling flask, Bunsen burner, Condensor, Thermometer, Beakers.

Mixture is added to the boiling flask and it heated with a bunsen burner to the lowest boiling points of one of the liquids

One of the liquid evaporates first.

The gas passes through the condensor, cooling it down and condensing it to back to a liquid, and is collected in the beaker.

Fractional Distillation technique.

Used to seperate multiple liquid mixtures.

You need; boiling flask, condensor, thermometer, bunsen burner, beaker AND a fractionating column which has glass rods inside.

You heat it using a bunsen burner but since they have different points, they evaporate at different temperatures.

The fractionating column is cooler towards the top, and more warmer at the bottom.

The first liquid evaporates and cools downback into a liquid through condensing

Repeat by raising temperature.

Chromatography technique

Used for; mixtures of liquids

you need; beaker with solvent, lid, filter paper.

you draw a line horizontally using a pencil across the bottom of the filter paper.

add a spot of the ink you are tryna seperate on the pencil line.

place the filter paper over the solvent just under the pencil line

the water moves up the paper and carries the ink with it.

different dyes move up by different amounts and seperate out, exposing the dyes that were in the ink.