ELECTIVE PRELIM ALL MODULES

sentence

• A sentence is a group of words that has a complete thought.

• It is composed of a subject and a predicate

Subject

Predicate

Linking Verb

Transitive Verb

Intransitive Verb

Direct Object

Indirect Object

Subject Complement

Object Complement

what are the key sentence components?

Subject, Who or what is doing it?

The actor or entity being described

What it answers:

Predicate, What is happening

The entire verb phrase that tells what the subject is or does.

What it answers:

Intransitive Verb, None

An action verb that does not need a receiver to make sense.

What It Answers:

Transitive Verb, None

An action verb that requires a target to complete its meaning

What it answers:

Linking Verb, None

A verb that connects the subject to an identifying state of being.

What It answers:

Direct Object, What or Who?

The person or thing directly affected by a transitive verb's action.

what it answers:

Indirect Object, to whom or for whom?

The entity that benefits from or receives the direct object.

what it answers:

Subject Complement, what is the subject like?

A noun or adjective that follows a linking verb to rename or describe the subject

what it answers:

Object Complement, what state is the object in?

A noun or adjective that renames or describes the direct object.

what it answers:

SUBJECT + INTRANSITIVE VERB

S-IV means?

SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + COMPLEMENT

(S-LV-C)

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT

S-TV-DO

UBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + DIRECT OBJECT + OBJECT COMPLEMENT

S-TV-DO-OC

SUBJECT + TRANSITIVE VERB + INDIRECT OBJECT + DIRECT OBJECT

S-TV-IO-DO

rule number 1, singular

• The Verb must agree with the subject in number and in person.

• If the subject is singular, the verb must be __ as well.

Singular Subject]+[Singular Verb (ends in -s/-es)

rule number 1, plural

• The verb must agree with the subject in number and in person

• If the subject is plural, the verb must be_ as well.

Plural Subject]+[Base Verb (no -s/-es

Cooks

Mom (cook, cooks) breakfast at 7.

Brings

James (brings, bring) lunch to school.

Clean

Rosa and Matt (clean, cleans) the classroom every Tuesday.

Rule number 2

• Singular subjects connected by and or both – and usually require a plural

verb. When the parts of the compound subject connected by and are each

preceded by a noun determiner (the, an, a, some, etc.) the subject is plural

• Determiner +Noun 1]+ and + [Determiner + Noun 2]+[Plural Verb

Rule number 3

• A compound subject referring to a single person takes a singular verb

• [Determiner]+[Noun 1]+and+[Noun 2]+[SingularVerb]

rule number 4

• If two subjects are connected by the words or, nor, neither…nor,

either…or, and not only…but also, use the subject that is closest to the verb

• Subject 1]+or/nor+[Subject 2 (Closest to Verb)]+[Verb agreeing withSubject 2]

rule number 5

• The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular

verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two

things.

• Neither / Either + [of + Plural Noun]+[Singular Verb]

rule number 6

• When regarded as a unit, a collective noun is singular.

• Collective Noun (Acting as 1 Single Group)]+[Singular Verb

rule number 7

• When regarded as individuals, a collective noun is plural.

• Collective Noun (Acting as Separate Individuals)]+[Plural Verb]

rule number 8

• When preceded by the article a, the subject number is plural.

• A number of+[Plural Noun]+[Plural Verb]

rule number 9

• When preceded by the article the, the subject number is singular.

• The number of+[Plural Noun]+[Singular Verb]

rule number 10

• The verb agrees with the affirmative, not with the negative subject.

• Affirmative Subject]+[, not + Negative Subject,]+[Verb agreeing with Affirmative Subject]

rule number 11

• The verb agrees with the affirmative, not with the negative subject.

• True Subject]+[Intervening Phrase (of/as well as/etc.)]}+[Verb agreeing with True

  Subject

rule number 12

• Indefinite pronouns "each," "each one," "either," "neither," "everyone," "everybody," "anyone,"

"anybody," "nobody," "somebody," "someone," and "no one" are all singular and need a singular

• [Everyone / Each / Someone / Nobody / etc.]+[Singular Verb]

rule number 13

• The indefinite pronouns "both", "few", "many", and "several" are all plural and require a plural verb.

• [Both / Few / Many / Several]+[Plural Verb

rule number 14

• Nouns plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verbs.Examples: "economics," "politics," "measles," "mathematics," and "news".

• Noun ending in -s (Math/News/Politics)]+[Singular Verb]

rule number 15

• When the subject is some, all, none, any, more, most, This is the ONLY time you must look at the object of the prepositional phrase to determine whether it is singular or plural.

• [SANAM Noun]+[of + Object of Preposition]+[Verb agreeing with Object]

rule number 16

• When a noun is plural, like scissors, glasses, tweezers,shorts, trousers, shears, or binoculars, the verb must also be plural

• However, when preceded by “a pair of”, they take singular verb

• Pair Noun (Trousers/Scissors/Shorts)]+[Plural Verb]

rule number 16

• However, when preceded by “a pair of”, they take singular verb

• A pair of+[Pair Noun]+[Singular Verb

rule number 17

• Subjects consisting of expressions indicating amount of money, space of time, or unit of measurement require a singular verb

• Expression of Money / Time / Measurement]+[Singular Verb]

rule number 18

• Fractions are singular or plural depending upon the of phrase.

• Fraction]+[of + Noun]+[Verb agreeing with Noun]

rule number 19

• If a sentence starts with "there" or "here," analyze the sentence to determine the subject, then choose the verb agreeing with the subject

• There / Here+[Verb]+[True Subject (After Verb)]

rule number 20

• Subjects can come after the verb in questions

• Helping Verb]+[Subject]+[Main Verb] +?

rule number 21

• Two infinitives separated by and take a plural verb.

• [Infinitive 1]+and+[Infinitive 2]+[Plural Verb]

rule number 22

• Gerunds alone take a singular verb. Gerunds linked by and take a plural verb

• Single Gerund: [Gerund (Verb-ing)] + [Singular Verb]

Compound Gerunds: [Gerund 1] + and + [Gerund 2]+ [Plural

Verb]

Mood

• is the form a verb takes to show how it is to be regarded (e.g., as a fact, a command, a wish, an uncertainty).

• it is the form a verb takes to indicate the attitude of the person using the verb.

Indicative Mood

is used in statements. Ihis states facts, opinions or asks questions.

Imperative Mood

is used in commands. It

expresses a command or a request.

Present Subjunctive

It is used to express a suggestion, a necessity, or an indirect command/order.

Past subjunctive

It is used to express an untrue condition or possibility, or a wish or a desire.

to be

The subjunctive mood uses special forms of "__ " regardless of the tense or subject.

The rule for all other verbs

For all other action verbs, the subjunctive mood always uses the bare infinitive (the base dictionary form of the verb with no "-s", "-ed", or "-ing").

• Normal indicative: He runs every day.

• Subjunctive rule: It is essential that he run every day.

(Notice there is no "-s" on "run")

Tense

shows the time of the action or state expressed by the verb. The English language has three main tenses:

present tense

expresses actions happening now or regularly

Past tense

expresses actions that already happened

future tense

expresses actions that will happen

Aspect

shows the manner in which the action is carried out with respect to time-whether it's completed, ongoing, repeated, or just about to happen.

simple

Describes general, habitual, or completed actions

perfect

Describes actions completed before another time or action

Progressive Continuous

Describes ongoing or continuous actions

Perfect/ Progressive Continuous

Describes actions that were ongoing and then completed at a certain point

simple present

Used for facts and habits

Present Continuous

Used for actions happening right now.

Present Perfect:

Used for past actions that matter now

Present Perfect Continuous:

Used for ongoing past actions continuing into

the present

Simple Past

: Used for completed past actions

Past Continuous:

Used for ongoing past actions that were interrupted.

Past Perfect:

Used for a past action completed before another past event.

Past Perfect Continuous

: Used for past duration before another past action.

Simple Future:

Used for future plans or promises.

Future Continuous:

Used for actions in progress at a specific future time.

Future Perfect

: Used for actions finished before a future point

Future Perfect Continuous

: Used for future duration up to a point