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Pangea

A supercontinent made up of all the earth’s land

Canadian shield

Land founded upon ancient rock that was likely the first part of dry North America

Incas

Inhabited peru

Mayans

Inhabited Central America

Aztecs

Inhabited mexico

Maize

Indian corn (central part of culture + fed populations)

Pueblo people

Lived in Rio Granda Valley (made irrigation systems)

Nation states

Societies where political legitimacy and authority overlays a large degree of cultural commonality

Anasazis

Cliff dwellers in the southwest

Cahokia

Mississippi settlement of up to 25000 people

Three-sister farming

Maize, beans, and squash being grown together (natives)

Iroquois

Had a large army

Huron

Iroquois rivals in the Great Lake region

Matrilineal cultures

Women had authority; power and possessions passed down the female side of the family

Caravel

Ship that can sail more closely into the wind

Renaissance

14th century movement that fostered a spirit of adventure

Christopher Columbus

Italian seafarer supported by Spain, landed at an island near the Bahamas 1492

Colombian exchange

Exchange of goods between the old and new worlds

Goods from old world

Cattle, pigs, horses, sugarcane

Goods from new world

Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes

Treaty of tordesillas

Division of the new world land by Spain and Portugal (Spain: americas, Portugal: Africa and Asia)

Encomienda system

A system allowing the government to give Indian slaves to colonists if they Christianize them

Hernan Cortez

Conquered the aztecs

Moctezuma

Aztec cheiftain

Malinche

(Dona marina) cortez’ main interpreter

Noche triste (sad night)

The Aztecs attacked the Spanish and drove them out of the city

Francisco Pizarro

Crushed the Incas of Peru in 1532

Mestizos

People with mixed Indian and European heritage

Conquistadores

Spanish conqueres

Giovanni Caboto

English explorer of northeast North America

Battle of Acomas

Spanish won, sentenced North America to 25 years of slavery

Province

A part of a country outside the capitol

Pueblo (Popes) Revolt

Pueblo rebels destroyed Catholic Churches and killed priests and Spanish settlers, took the Spanish half a century to reclaim the land

Robert de la Salle

French, explored the Mississippi River, named Louisiana after Kind Louie

Father Junipero Serra

Founded 21 missions up the California coast

Black Legend

Concept by Spain’s Protestant rivals that the Spainards did nothing but torture and kill “in Jesus name”

Bartholome de las casas

Appalled by encomienda system

Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabelle of Castile

United Spain

Francisco Coronado

Discovered many natural wonders