Unit 11: Solutions

What is solubility dependent on?

solute, solvent, temperature, and pressure (gasses)

How does temperature affect solids solubility?

They are more soluble at higher temperatures.

How does temperature affect gas solubility?

They are more soluble at lower temperatures and higher pressures

What are the three energy components to dissolving solids and which one is favorable?

1. disruption of interactions within the solid (solute)

2. disruption of interactions within the liquid (solvent)

3. Creation of interactions between the solute and solvent (only favorable one)

What does Henry’s Law state?

states that the concentration of a dissolved gas (in a liquid) is directly proportional to the pressure of the related gas.

What does Raoult’s Law state?

Vapor pressure is a colligative property. These are properties that depend on the concentration of solute, not the identity of the solute.

How does a solute affect the phase diagram of the solvent?

It lowers the solvent vapor pressure which raises the boiling point and lowers the freezing point. The liquid region is expanded.

What is osmotic pressure?

concentration differential creates solvent pressure across the membrane from the region of low concentration to high concentration. 

When is osmotic pressure equal to zero?

When the concentration on both sides is equal

When does reverse osmotic pressure occur?

When the external pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure, which produced more pure liquids.

Define isotopic?

Equal concentration

Define Hypotonic? (Dilute)

Higher concentration inside the membrane or molecule which creates inward movement of water.

Define Hypertonic? (Concentrated)

Higher concentration outside the membrane or molecule which moves water outside.  

What is the 10th power for mass percent? (Mass Ratio)

2

What is the 10th power for ppm? (Mass Ratio)

6

What is the 10th power for ppb? (Mass Ratio)

9

Define Molality?

m = moles of solute/kg of solvent

Define Molarity?

M = moles of solute/L of solution