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Pigafetta
Chronicler of Magellan's expedition in 1521.
Limasawa Island
Site of Magellan's first landing in the Philippines.
Juan de Salcedo
Nephew of Legaspi, conquered Maynilad.
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi
Established Manila as the capital in 1570.
Maynilad
Former name of Manila, capital of Philippines.
Tornaviaje
Return trip to Mexico across the Pacific.
Manila Galleon Trade
Trade route connecting Manila to Acapulco.
Rajah Soliman
Ruler of Maynilad, resisted Spanish conquest.
Christian missionary efforts
Objective to convert Filipinos to Christianity.
Cebu
First Spanish colony established in 1565.
Villa de San Miguel
Settlement named after St. Michael's feast.
Pasig River
Strategic location for trade and settlement.
Sto. Nino
Discovery significant to early Spanish colonization.
Malayan-Islamic settlement
Original inhabitants of Maynilad before Spanish arrival.
Chinese merchants
Traders who interacted with early Filipino settlements.
Forts
Defensive structures made of palm-logs.
Indigenous Tagalog tribes
Local groups engaged in trade with colonizers.
Spice trade
Primary economic goal of Spanish expeditions.
Andres de Urganeta
Discovered the tornaviaje route to Mexico.
Rajah Matanda
Another chieftain during the Spanish colonization.
Maynilad etymology
Derived from 'may nilad', referring to mangrove.
Seat of power
Location for native chiefs outside the fort.
Luzon
Major island in the Philippines.
Riverine settlements
Communities developed along river systems.
Supra-barangay
Local and international governance structure.
Urban Plan
Design of streets, plazas, and trade areas.
Fortification
Defense structures using earth and coconut logs.
Lantakas
Locally made cannons used for defense.
Civic Buildings
Structures serving community functions.
Ecclesiastical Building
Religious structures within urban areas.
Schools
Educational institutions for local populations.
Hospitals
Medical facilities for community health.
Leyes de las Indias
Spanish laws governing colonial territories.
Bathala
Main god in indigenous Philippine religion.
Anito
Lesser gods in indigenous belief systems.
Instrucciones
Guidelines for urban planning in colonies.
Baybayin
Indigenous alphabet used in the Philippines.
Maginoo
Noble class in pre-colonial Philippine society.
Timawa
Freemen class in pre-colonial society.
Alipin
Slave class in pre-colonial Philippine society.
Legazpi
Spanish explorer who founded Manila in 1571.
Capital of new territories
Manila declared capital under Spanish rule.
Presidios
Military towns established for defense.
Pueblos
Civilian towns developed during colonization.
Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad
Royal title granted to loyal cities.
Episcopal seat
Bishop's residence and administrative center.
Coat of arms
Symbolic emblem representing a city.
Cuadricula
Grid pattern layout for urban planning.
Open space
Public areas for gatherings and recreation.
Principal streets
Main roads leading to central plaza.
Secondary roads
Roads parallel to principal streets.
Two city plan
Design considerations for inland and coastal cities.
Galleon Trade
Trans-Pacific trade route between Manila and Acapulco.
Static defense
Fortifications providing fixed protection.
Buttressed Fortification
Reinforced defensive structures in urban areas.
Governor-General
Spanish official overseeing colonial administration.
Cavite
Naval arsenal complementing Manila's port activities.
Antonio Sedeno
Jesuit priest, first architect of Manila.
Fort San Pedro
Oldest fort in Cebu, built for defense.
Fort San Felipe
Constructed 1609-1619, located in Cavite.
Hydraulic engineering
Techniques developed for ship anchorage.
Renaissance techniques
Architectural designs adapted for regional requirements.
Cuerpo de Guardia
Living quarters for fort personnel in Manila.
Dynamic Defense
Periodic vigilance strategy for fort protection.
Almacenes de Polvora
Powder magazine located at San Miguel bastion.
Vivienda del teniente
Lieutenant's living quarters in the fort.
Spanish crown
Governed defense systems in the New World.
Defense constructions
Largest collection of fortifications in the Philippines.
Fortifications
Structures built for military protection and defense.
Intramuros
Walled city in Manila housing Jesuit buildings.
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Spanish explorer who commanded fort construction.
Plaza Independencia
Location near Fort San Pedro in Cebu.
Negritos
Indigenous group defended against in Pampanga.
Igorots
Mountain tribe defended against in Cagayan.
Moros
Muslim raiders targeted by fort defenses.
Stone fort
Replaced original wooden structure in early 17th century.
Bays
Natural harbors providing ship protection.
Manila
Key military/naval center for Spanish defense.
Shipyards and warehouses
Support infrastructure for Manila's military operations.
Fortifications date
Today's structure dates from 1738.
Jesuit Motherhouse
Sedeno's design using European building techniques.
Governor Santiago de Vera
Commissioned Sedeno for fort reconstruction.
Fernando Valdes y Tamon
Governor General who described fortifications.
Cavite Naval Base
Current location of Fort San Felipe.
Triangular bastion fort
Largest fortification design in the Philippines.
Fort Santiago
Fortress built from 1596 to 1602 in Manila.
Spanish Colonial Architecture
Architectural style during Spanish rule in Philippines.
Hierarchy
Social structure within Spanish colonial society.
Manila
Capital of the Philippines during Spanish regime.
Ciudad
Term for city in Spanish.
Ciudades
Spanish term for other cities.
Falsabraga
Low rampart in front of fortifications.
Villas
Residential areas within Spanish colonial cities.
Poblacion
Central area of a settlement or town.
Fortins
Small forts or redoubts, also known as reductos.
Intramuros
Walled city of Manila during Spanish rule.
Cortina
Curtain wall linking bastions in fortifications.
Ravellin
Outer fortification protecting the gate.
Bastion
Protruding structure along the cortina for defense.
Ciudad Murada
Term for Walled City during American Period.
