BY 124- Gibbons Ch 30- Plant Diversity II

When you see a fern frond in the forest, you are looking at:

A. A Sporophyte

B. A Gametophyte

C. Both Sporophyte and Gametophyte

D. A non-vascular plant

A. A Sporophyte

What are the 5 derived characteristics of vascular, seed-bearing plants?

1. Reduced gametophytes

2. Heterospory

3. Ovules

4. Pollen

5. Seeds

Homosporous spore production- single type of spore

Heterosporous

Homosporous and Heterosporous spore production

The megaspore turns into the:

A. Pollen

B. Male gametophyte

C. Female gametophyte

D. Egg

D. Egg

__________ megasporangia have _____ integument, while ___________ megasporangia usually have ____ integuments

Gymnosperm ; 1 :: angiosperm ; 2

An _____ consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments

ovule

This image depicts an _________ ___________.

Unfertilized ovule

A microspore develops into a ______ _____ that consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall

pollen grain

________ is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules.

Pollination

A germinated pollen grain produces a pollen tube that discharges sperm into the female _____________ within the ________

gametophyte ; ovule

This image depicts a __________ _______.

Fertilized ovule

The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds

• If a sperm fertilizes the egg of a seed plant, the ovule will develop into a seed

• A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat

This image depicts a _____________ _______.

gymnosperm seed

This diagram represents ________.

fertilization

What evolutionary advantages do seeds provide?

• They may remain dormant for days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination

• They have a supply of stored food

• They may be transported long distances by wind or animals

• Protection

True or False: Seed-producing plants (Angiosperms and Gymnosperms) make up a clade.

True

The gymnosperms consist of 4 phyla. Name them.

• Cycadophyta (cycads)

• Ginkgophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)

• Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra,

  Welwitschia)

• Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and

  redwood)

Phylum Coniferophyta

• Largest of the gymnosperm phyla

• Most have woody cones, but a few have fleshy cones

• Most are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis all year round

Life Cycle of Phylum Coniferophyta

Characteristics of Angiosperms

• All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, Anthophyta

• Angiosperms have two key adaptations

  • Flowers

  • Fruits

Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction

Flower

The act of moving pollen from male structures of structures to female structures of flowers

Pollination

The act of moving pollen from male structures of structures to female structures of flowers on the same plant

Self-pollination

The act of moving pollen from male structures of structures to female structures of flowers on a different plant, but of the same species

Cross-pollination

Pollination can occur through many means, including _____ _____ and ________

animal transport ; wind

Diagram of a flower

Which of the following terms is associated with a MALE flower structure?

A. sepal

B. stigma

C. pistil

D. stamen

D. Stamen

Characteristics of fruits

• A fruit is formed when the ovary wall thickens and matures

• Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal

• Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry

Angiosperm phylogeny

Monocot vs Eudicot characteristics

Characteristics of Monocots

• About one-quarter of angiosperms, about 70,000 species, are monocots

• The largest groups are the orchids, grasses, and palms

Characteristics of Eudicots

• More than two-thirds of angiosperms, about 170,000 species, are eudicots

• Eudicots include the large legume family and the economically important rose family

Seed plant importance to humans

• Food: most of our food comes from angiosperms

  • Six crops (corn, rice, wheat, potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava) make up 80% of human-consumed calories

• Wood: all comes from seed-bearing plants

  • Fuel, paper, construction

• Medicines: many plants have useful medicinal compounds

  • 25% of current pharmaceuticals use plant compounds (to treat pain, eye dilation, cancer, heart medication, etc)

The seed coat’s most important function is to provide protection for the __________.

• megasporangium

• male gametophyte

• megaspore

• female gametophyte

• sporophyte embryo

sporophyte embryo

Besides the plant tissue that humans ingest, which angiosperm tissue is most directly important for human survival?

• Sepals

• Xylem

• Cones

• Phloem

• Bark

Xylem

The dicots are now thought to be in the paraphyletic group, and the majority of dicot species are now placed in the eudicots. Which of the following is a member of a group that was included in the dicots but is now included in the eudicots?

• Orchid

• Barley

• Black walnut

• Date palm

• Southern magnolia

Southern magnolia

Dietary supplements and decongestants containing ephedrine have recently become more strongly regulated in the United States. Ephedrine is an extract of a plant belonging to which phylum?

• Phylum Cycadophyta

• Phylum Coniferophyta

• Phylum Gnetophyta

• Phylum Ginkgophyta

• Phylum Anthopyta

Phylum Gnetophyta

Which of the following is not an advantage seeds provide over spores?

• Asexual reproduction

• Protective integument

• Stored food supply

• Long period of dormancy

• Multicellularity

Asexual reproduction

Which of the following is a trait possessed by all angiosperms?

• Seeds produced in ovulate cones

• Seeds dispersed by animals

• Pollination by animals

• Free-living gametophyte

• Double fertilization

Double fertilization

A plant is said to be cross-pollinated if __________.

• its source of pollen is a different species of plant

• it is pollinated by wind

• pollen grains are transferred from a different flower on the same plant

• it is pollinated by insects

• pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant

pollen grains are transferred to a flower on a different plant

Of the following, which is a difference in how reproduction occurs in gymnosperms compared to angiosperms?

• Only angiosperm pollen grains form pollen tubes.

• Only gymnosperms can contain male and female sporangia on the same plant.

• Double fertilization only occurs in gymnosperms.

• Only angiosperms have reduced gametophytes.

• Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.

Only the sperm of angiosperms combine with two central cell nuclei to form triploid endosperm.

In which phylum is the organism thought to be the world’s oldest living tree?

• Ginkgophyta

• Coniferophyta

• Cycadophyta

• Gnetophyta

• The world’s oldest living tree is not in any of the listed phyla.

Coniferophyta

Which example below is evidence provided by living gymnosperms of an evolutionary transition between seedless and seed plants?

• The sperm of gymnosperms do not require water or mobility for fertilization.

• The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.

• Gymnosperms only have one integument.

• In gymnosperms, two sperms are discharged into the pollen tube.

• Some gymnosperms do not have reduced gametophytes.

The sperm of some gymnosperms have flagella.

Six major crops—wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes—constitute what percentage of all the calories consumed by humans?

• 30%

• 90%

• 80%

• 65%

• 50%

80%

A pea pod is formed from __________. A pea inside the pod is formed from __________.

• an ovary; a pollen grain

• an anther; an ovule

• endosperm; an ovary

• an ovary; an ovule

• an ovule; a carpel

an ovary; an ovule

In addition to seeds, what is a trait unique to seed plants?

• Heterospory

• Use of wind as a means of dispersal

• Pollen

• Phloem

• Sporangia

Pollen

Which of the following best describes the function of fruits?

• Protection and dispersal of seeds

• Reward for pollinators

• Depending on the plant species, any of the listed responses are possible

• To distract herbivores from eating the leaves

• Food storage for the plant to use over the winter

Protection and dispersal of seeds

In flowers, pollen is produced in the __________.

• stigma

• anther

• sepal

• style

• petal

Anther

The closest seedless relatives of seed plants produce one kind of spore that gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte. What does this suggest about the ancestors of seed plants?

• They produced separate male and female gametophytes.

• They were bryophytes.

• They were homosporous.

• They were heterosporous.

• They were gymnosperms.

They were homosporous

In which group is the sporophyte stage dominant in the alternation of generations?

• Only the ferns

• Only seed plants

• All land plants

• Only nonvascular plants

• All vascular plants

All vascular plants

Which of the following is not a trait characteristic of monocots?

• Parallel leaf venation

• Pollen grain with one opening

• Floral organs in multiples of three

• One cotyledon

• Taproot

Taproot

The pore in the integuments of an angiosperm ovule through which sperm is delivered is the __________.

• embryo sac

• micropyle

• pollen tube

• stigma

• sepal

micropyle

In gymnosperms, the seed coat develops from the integument. In angiosperms, the seed coat develops from the __________.

• ovary wall

• receptacle

• female gametophyte

• integuments

• endosperm

integuments

The diploid generation of the plant life cycle always __________.

• is called the gametophyte

• is larger and more conspicuous than the haploid stage

• produces spores

• develops from a spore

• produces eggs and sperm

produces spores

A bright pink flower with deep floral tubes will most likely be pollinated by which mechanism?

• Wind

• Self-pollination

• Honeybees

• Birds with long beaks

• Bats

Birds with long beaks

Which of the following is not a gymnosperm?

• Ginkgo

• Sequoia

• Douglas fir

• Ephedra

• Coconut palm

Coconut palm

Angiosperms are thought to have originated in which period?

• Triassic

• Silurian

• Cretaceous

• Ordovician

• Paleogene

Cretaceous

At current rates of deforestation, tropical rain forests will be eliminated in __________ years.

• 250

• 1,000

• 200

• 50

• 10

200

Which gymnosperm phylum below is characterized by large cones and fern-like leaves and thrived during the Mesozoic?

• Ginkgophyta

• Gnetophyta

• Coniferophyta

• Cycadophyta

• Anthopyta

Cycadophyta

Which of the following is a conifer?

• Longleaf pine

• European larch

• Sequoia

• All of the listed responses are conifers.

• Common juniper

All of the listed responses are conifers.

What significant change occurred on Earth between the Carboniferous period and the Permian period that most likely contributed to the success of the gymnosperms?

• An asteroid hit Earth, leading to mass extinctions that made way for gymnosperms to take over lands where other plants had perished.

• Reptiles decreased in diversity and were replaced with amphibians better adapted for seed dispersal.

• The breakup of Pangaea changed the flora and fauna of Earth dramatically.

• The climate became drier and warmer.

• Insects developed flight.

The climate became drier and warmer.

Which of the following is enclosed within the pollen wall of a pollen grain?

• Megasporangium

• Microsporangium

• Embryo

• Female gametophyte

• Male gametophyte

Male gametophyte