Language of Medicine Chapter 12

Respiratory

What part of the brain controls respiration?

The Medulla

External respiration

Exchange of air in lungs and between capillaries

the process of oxygen (O2) moving from the air in the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2) moving from the blood to the air in the lungs.

Internal respiration

Exchange of gases in the cells

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body's cells.

Mediastinum

Middle of the chest where trachea divides into two bronchi.

The space outside and between 2 lungs

Hilium of Lung

Blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue and bronchial tubes enter and exit

entrance point for nerves

enter and exit point for lots of tubes, ducts, and vessels

Lungs

Right is larger than left

Right has 3 lobes, left has 2

Bronchi

Bifurcate from trachea. Each bronchus leads to a separate lung

Alveolus

where gas change occurs

Sympathetic nerves

Regulate respiratory/lungs and bronchial dilatation

Respiratory Flow Chart

Alveoli

Is the air exchange which are coated with capillaries and pick up oxygen, are the PARENCHYMAL CELLS

Pharynx

Have adenoids and tonsils to fight infections for upper respiratory system

Pulmonary artery

takes low oxygen blood, circulates through lungs and air exchange takes place, converting it to high oxygen blood

BLUE-CARRIES OXYGEN POOR BLOOD FROM HEART TO LUNGS

Pulmonary veins

RED- CARRIES OXYGEN RICH BLOOD FROM LUNGS TO HEART

Apex of Lungs

The top

Hilium of Lungs

The middle

Base of lung

Bottom

POLL EVERYWHERE:

Tubes that bifurcate from the windpipe (trachea) are called

A. Alveoli

B. Sinuses

C. Adenoids

D. Bronchi

D. Bronchi

POLL EVERYWHERE:

Pulmonary parenchymal cells are

A. Trachea

B. Pharynx

C. Alveoli

D. Red Blood Cells

E. Cilia

C. Alveoli

POLL EVERYWHERE:

What is the structure where blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and bronchial tubes enter and exit?

A. Base

B.Lobe

C. Apex

D. Hilum

D. Hilum

Diaphragm

Outlines total space in thoracic cavity

Contracts and relaxes, creates negative pressure to allow air to come in

Glottis

Has vocal folds to make sounds

ADBUCTED-OPEN

ADDUCTED-CLOSED

POLL EVERYWHERE:

The opened vocal cords are ____; and the closed are called _____

A. Adducted; Abducted

B. Abducted; Adducted

C. Abducted; Abducted

D. Adducted; Adducted

B. Abducted; Adducted

Epistaxis

Nose bleeding

Diphtheria

Deadly tonsil disease that stops all vital organs

Asthma

combo of genetic and environmental factors by reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasm

Thickened vessels/duct which makes poor air exchange

Bronchiectasis

Permanent, enlargement of parts of the airway of the lung such as bronchi

Symptom of conditions like pneumonia, tuberculous, cystic fibrosis, etc

• makes elasticity lose, and scar tissue makes it rigit and not expanded well

• mucus becomes sticky and keeps germ in airway, which causes infection

Cystic Fibrosis

Has bad protein that secretes sticky and thick mucus which enables pulmonary infection

Emphysema

Hyperinflation of air sacs due to loss of elasticity and destruction of alveoli

Narrowing of the small airways and breakdown of lung tissue

KILLS ALVEOLI, HARDER FOR AIR EXCHANGE AND BREATHING

caused by smoking and is irreversible

EXAMPLE OF COPD

Chronic Bronchitis

Inflammation and excess mucus

Bronchial wall size is not enough space for air exchange

same symptoms as emphysema, difficulty breathing and poor air flow

smoking, inhaling cooking smoke, etc and worsens to lung cancer

EXAMPLE OF COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Type of obstructive lung disease characterized by long term breathing problems and poor airflow

Shortness of breath and cough

examples: emphysema and chronic bronchitis

PET Scan

identifies cancerous lung nodules, a radioactive glucose solution is injected into patient through IV

Parietal Pleura

Attached to chest wall

Visceral Pleura

Attached to Lungs

POLL EVERYWHERE:

The pleura that is in direct contact with the lungs is _____

A. Pleural Cavity

B. Parietal Pleura

C. Pleural fluid

D. Visceral Pleura

E. Mediastinum

D. Visceral Pleura

POLL EVERYWHERE:

The pleura that is in direct contact with the chest wall is _____

A. Pleural Cavity

B. Parietal Pleura

C. Pleural fluid

D. Visceral Pleura

E. Mediastinum

B. Parietal Pleura

Pleural Cavity

Space that retains small volume of fluid (creates negative pressure, lungs cannot attach to wall if pressure is broken

Atelectasis

Collapse or closure of the lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange, where alveoli are deflated

Obstruction, pulmonary effusion and pneumothorax

Obstruction

Can be heavy mucus, lego, etc that prevents airflow in lung and collpses (atelectasis)

Pneumothorax

Air outside lung and in the plural cavity- trapped outside lung and in between chest wall

Pulmonary Effusion

Fluid in the plural cavity

Can be caused by pulmonary edema or by pus (pyothorax)

Pneumoconiosis

Means Black Lungs

Occupational lung disease such as working in mines, breathing in dust, etc

POLL EVERYWHERE:

The term describing collapsed lung is _____________

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Bronchiectasis

C. Emphysema

D. Atelectasis

E. Mesothelioma

D. Atelectasis

POLL EVERYWHERE:

Air or gas in the pleural cavity shall be named __________

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Bronchiectasis

C. Pneumothorax

D. Emphysema

E. Pleural Effusion

C. Pneumothorax

POLL EVERYWHERE:

Fluid or liquid in the pleural cavity shall be named __________

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Bronchiectasis

C. Pneumothorax

D. Emphysema

E. Pleural Effusion

E. Pleural Effusion

POLL EVERYWHERE:

Black lung should be named:

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Bronchiectasis

C. Pneumothorax

D. Emphysema

E. Pleural Effusion

A. Pneumoconiosis

POLL EVERYWHERE:

The term describing a collapsed lung is _______

A. Pneumoconiosis

B. Bronchiectasis

C.Emphysema

D.Atelectasis

E. Mesothelioma

D.Atelectasis