BIO 121 Lab Introduction and Cell Biology Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering lab policies, tools, organelle structures, and stages of mitosis.

Anatomy and Physiology Revealed (APR)

A digital learning tool within McGraw Hill that provides cadaver images, practice quizzes, and interactive study modes for anatomical structures.

Two Strike Policy

An allied health admissions policy allowing students a maximum of two attempts to pass specific biology courses before being disqualified from health programs.

Plasma Membrane

The barrier composed of a phospholipid bilayer that separates the intracellular environment of the cell from the extracellular environment.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle embedded with ribosomes that functions in protein synthesis, transportation, and molecule packaging.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle involved in the transportation and packaging of molecules throughout the cell without embedded ribosomes.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that packages and transports molecules, synthesizes lysosomes, and directs cellular products around or out of the cell.

Lysosomes

Membrane-bound cellular packages formed by the Golgi apparatus that transport proteins, enzymes, or molecules within the cell.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that digest and break down molecules and are specifically involved in synthesizing lipids such as bile salts and plasmalogens.

Mitochondria

Organelles that serve as the powerhouses of the cell by producing cellular energy in the form of $ATP$ ($\text{adenosine triphosphate}$).

Ribosomes

Cellular structures attached to the rough ER or floating free in the cytoplasm that carry out protein synthesis according to genetic instructions.

Centrosomes

Structural components composed of microtubules that maintain cell shape, help move internal items, and form spindle fibers during cell division.

Nucleus

The control center of the cell that houses DNA and manages all cellular functions and blueprints.

Mitosis

The process of cell division in which a single parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Interphase

The preparatory period of the cell cycle, consisting of $G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$ phases, during which the cell grows and replicates its DNA.

Prophase

The first phase of mitosis, characterized by the dissolution of the nuclear envelope and the condensation of DNA into visible chromosomes.

Metaphase

The phase of mitosis in which condensed chromosomes align along the equator of the cell attached to spindle fibers.

Anaphase

The stage of mitosis where duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Telophase with Cytokinesis

The final stage of mitosis where a cleavage furrow forms and the cell cytoplasm physically divides to yield two separate cells.