DENT 413: Oral Pathology II Review Flashcards

80 comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering key definitions, cellular pathology, genetics, inflammation, immunity, and neoplasia from DENT 413.

Pathology

The study and diagnosis of a disease that describes its effects, progress, and consequences.

Oncology

The branch of medical science that deals with tumors including origin, development, diagnosis, and treatment of malignant neoplasms.

Oral Pathology

The branch of dentistry that deals with the diseases of the oral and paraoral structures, including oral soft tissues, mucous membranes, teeth, jaws, and salivary glands.

Scientific Study of Pathology Focus

Focuses on cellular changes, genetic changes, and molecular changes.

Environmental Causes of Disease

Includes physical agents, chemical poisons, and nutritional deficiencies and excesses.

Genetic Polymorphism

A genetic factor where the phenotype of each individual is genetically determined, dictating susceptibility and resistance.

Genetic Mutation

A permanent alteration of the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.

Necrosis

Passive cell death occurring as a non-physiological process affecting a group of cells, resulting from infection, injury, or lack of oxygen or nutrients.

Sequence of Necrosis Damage

Exhaustion of oxygen and nutrients leads to exhaustion of ATP in the cell, impairment of the cell membrane, enzyme release, and resulting inflammation.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death involving active self-destruction to eliminate abnormal or unwanted cells.

Sequence of Apoptosis

Triggering of cell death leading to intracellular signaling, fragmentation of the cell into vesicles, and phagocytosis by neighbor cells.

Apoptotic Cellular Changes

Includes blebbing, cell membrane changes, cell shrinkage, nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and chromosomal DNA fragmentation.

Deletion

A chromosomal abnormality occurring during DNA replication where a part of the DNA sequence is lost.

Translocation

A chromosomal abnormality involving the joining of two otherwise-separated genes through the rearrangement of non-homologous chromosomes.

Inversion

A chromosomal abnormality where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end due to breakage.

Polyploidy

A chromosomal condition where the chromosome numbers are increased by an exact multiple of the normal number.

Triploidy

A polyploid state featuring $23 \times 3 = 69$ chromosomes, seen in aging liver cells.

Diploid Formation

Formed through the combination of two haploid cells ($\text{Haploid} + \text{Haploid} = \text{Diploid}$).

Tetraploid Formation

Formed through the combination of two diploid cells ($\text{Diploid} + \text{Diploid} = \text{Tetraploid}$).

Aneuploidy

A genetic condition where the number of chromosomes is increased by one (Trisomy) or decreased by one (Monosomy).

Trisomy 21

An aneuploid condition featuring 47XX or 47XY chromosomes.

Monosomy

A type of aneuploidy where the chromosome count is decreased by one.

Sex-Linked Disorders

Diseases or abnormal conditions caused by a defective gene on the X chromosome or deviations in the number of X or Y chromosomes.

Autosomal Dominant Disease

A disease where if one parent is a carrier, their dominant gene yields a 50/50 chance that the offspring will inherit the gene.

Autosomal Recessive Disease

A disease requiring offspring to inherit two mutated genes; if both parents are carriers, there is a 25% chance of an unaffected child with two normal genes.

Inflammation

The physiologic response of the body to a lesion or disease to remove harmful stimuli and begin the healing process.

Physical Causes of Inflammation

Includes physical trauma, temperature, and radiation.

Immunological Causes of Inflammation

Includes antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) reactions and cell-mediated responses.

Dolor

The cardinal sign of inflammation denoting pain.

Calor

The cardinal sign of inflammation denoting heat.

Rubor

The cardinal sign of inflammation denoting redness.

Tumor (Cardinal Sign)

The cardinal sign of inflammation denoting swelling.

Functio Laesa

The cardinal sign of inflammation denoting loss of function.

Acute Inflammation Causative Agents

Bacterial pathogens and injured tissues (trauma).

Chronic Inflammation Causative Agents

Persistent acute inflammation due to nondegradable pathogens, viral infection, persistent foreign bodies, or autoimmune reactions.

Major Cells in Acute Inflammation

Primarily neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages).

Major Cells in Chronic Inflammation

Mononuclear cells (monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells) and fibroblasts.

Primary Mediators of Acute Inflammation

Vasoactive amines and eicosanoids.

Primary Mediators of Chronic Inflammation

IFN-$\gamma$, cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, and hydrolytic enzymes.

Acute Inflammation

Immediate onset with a duration lasting a few days.

Chronic Inflammation

Delayed onset with a duration lasting up to many months or years.

Acute Inflammation

Resolution, abscess formation, or progression to chronic inflammation.

Outcomes of Chronic Inflammation

Tissue destruction, fibrosis, and chronic necrosis.

Healing

The process of restoring health from an unbalanced, diseased, or damaged structure in the body.

Regeneration

The replacement of a damaged tissue that results into a new tissue.

Innate Immunity

Inborn, non-specific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific defense mechanisms categorized into natural and artificial active or passive immunity.

Natural Active Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity acquired naturally through an infection.

Natural Passive Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity acquired naturally via maternal transfer.

Artificial Active Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity acquired artificially through immunization.

Artificial Passive Adaptive Immunity

Adaptive immunity acquired artificially through antibody transfer.

Humoral Response

Immune response mediated by B-cells, which later develop into plasma cells that produce antibodies.

Cellular Response

Immune response mediated by T-cells, including helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells.

Antibodies

Proteins produced by plasma cells that make it easier for immune cells to destroy antigens.

Hypersensitivity

A type of allergic reaction mostly caused by allergens, involving antigen presenting cells and cytokines.

Cytokines

Small proteins crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

A cytokine produced during hypersensitivity that is primarily involved in acute inflammation.

IL-1 Superfamily

A superfamily of eleven structurally similar proteins in mammals that are involved in inflammation or its control.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the volume of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells (cell size).

Hyperplasia

An increased amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation (cell number).

Dysplasia

Disordered growth and abnormal cell development marked by increased growth of immature cells with a simultaneous reduction in mature cells.

Metaplasia

The reversible replacement of one differentiated cell type with another mature differentiated cell type.

Neoplasia

A new, uncontrolled growth that is progressive, purposeless, and not under physiologic control.

Benign Neoplasm

A non-cancerous growth with uniform cell size/shape, rare mitotic figures, and structural resemblance to parent tissue.

Malignant Neoplasm

A cancerous growth with haphazard cell arrangement, variable cell size/shape, and frequent abnormal mitosis.

Carcinoma

The suffix designation for a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin.

Sarcoma

The suffix designation for a malignant neoplasm of connective tissue origin.

Malignant '-oma' Exceptions

Melanoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Myeloma, and Seminoma.

Melanoma

The most dangerous type of skin cancer originating from melanocytes, capable of growing quickly and metastasizing.

Lymphoma

Cancer that begins in the lymphatic system when abnormal white blood cells grow.

Leukemia

Cancer found in the blood and bone marrow caused by the rapid production of abnormal white blood cells.

Multiple Myeloma

Cancer of the plasma cells in the bone marrow that crowds out normal blood-forming cells.

Seminoma

A highly curable germ cell tumor that typically originates in the testicle and grows/spreads slowly.

Carcinogenesis

The complex, multi-step process of malignant tissue formation where healthy normal cells are transformed into cancer cells.