chapter 2 notes and 5

Chemistry

studies types of matter along with how they interact

Matter

all material in the universe that has mass and occupies space

law of conservation of matter

matter cant be transformed, destroyed or created

Element

a fundamental type of matter

Atoms

the smallest componenet for elements chemical properties

atomic number

the number of protons

protons

positively charged

neutrons

negatively charged

isotopes

same element of atoms with different neutron number

half life

time it takes for one half of an atom to give off decay

molecule

combinations of two or more atoms

compound

combination of two or more atoms of different elements

ionic compounts

an electron transferred

ionic bond

electrons are transferred between atoms

covalent bonds

electrons are shared between atoms

hydrogen bond

oxygen from one molecule attracts hydrogen molecule

acidic solutions

ph<7

basic solution

ph > 7

neutral solution

ph = 7

organic compounds

carbon atoms joined by bonds

polymers

long chains of carbon molecules

hydrocarbons

contain only carbon and hydrogen

Macromolecules

large sized molecules

proteins

long chains of amino acids

nucliec acids

long chains of nucleotides

DNA and RNA

carry hereditary info of organisms

carbohydrates

atoms of carbon,hydrogen,oxygen

sugars

simple carbohydrates of 3-7 carbons

chemical energy

potential energy held in bonds between atoms

first law of thermodynamics

can change from but cant be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

energy changes from more to less ordered state

autotrophs

produce their own food

hydrothermal vents

host communities that thrive in high temps and pressure

chemosynthesis

uses energy in hydrogen sulfide to produce sugar

core

solid iron in the center

mantle

less dense, elastic rock

asthenosphere

very soft or melted rock

crust

the thin layer of rock

lithosphere

uppermost mantle and the crust

plate tectonics

movement of lithospheric plates

Divergent plate boundaries

magma rises to the surface

Transform plate boundaries

two plates meet, slipping and grinding

convergent plate boundaries

where plates collide

subduction

oceanic plates slide beneath crust

continental collision

occurs when two plates of crust collide

mineral

any element

rock cycle

heating, melting,cooling, breaking

mass wasting

the downslope movement of soil

System

a network of relationships among parts

feedback loop

a circular process in which the output serves the input

negative feedback loop

system changes and moves in one direction

Positve feedback loop

system output causes the system to change the same way

Dynamic equilibriium

system processes move in opposing directions which balance effects

homeostasis

internal stable conditions

emergent properties

system characteristics that are not evident alone

runoff

precipitation that flows over land

airshed

area that produces air pollutants

atmosphere

air surrounding our planet

hydrosphere

vapor water

biosphere

the planet’s living organisms interaction in an area

flux

rate at which material move between pools

biogeochemical cycles

movement of nutrients through ecosystems

hydrologic cycle

how water flows through the environment

transpiration

release of water vapor by plants

aquifers

underground reservoirs of groundwater

water table

upper limit of groundwater for an aquifer

carbon cycle

route of carbon cycles through environment

nitrification

bacteria converts ammonium ions

respeiration

returns carbon to the air and oceans

decomposition

returns carbon to the sediment