Classification of Animals

Aristotle

Father of Biology

Aristotle

Early classification for plants and animals

Aristotle

Classified the animals into groups such as those with vertebrae and without vertebrae

Aristotle

Classified the animals into groups according to their habitat such as aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial

Aristotle

Wrote the Historia Animalium

Theophrastus

Father of Botany

Theophrastus

Focused on Plants

Theophrastus

Divided plants into 4 main categories namely trees, shrubs, undershrubs, and herbs

Theophrastus

Habitat can be wild vs cultivated depends on climate preference

Isidore of Seville

Classification was influenced by religious and symbolic interpretations rather than scientific observations

Isidore of Seville

Relate animals to some religious symbols, no scientific observation

Isidore of Seville

Wrote Etymologiae

Etymologiae

Encylopedia that featured descriptions of animals

Albertus Magnus

A dominican scholar who reconciled Aristotle’s observations with Christian theology

Albertus Magnus

Reconcile science and religion

Thomas of Cantimpre

Combined factual animal descriptions with allegorical interpretations

Thomas of Cantimpre

Classification based on creativity, art related

Thomas of Cantimpre

Says that animals are proof of artistry and creativity and that it is historical

Thomas of Cantimpre

Wrote Liber de Natura Rerum

Liber de Natura Rerum

A natural history encylopedia

Conrad Gesner

Swiss Naturalist who compiled Historiae Animalium

Conrad Gesner

Considered as one of the first modern zoologists

Historiae Animalium

A detailed encylopedia of animals

Carolus Linnaeus

Introduced Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial Nomeclature

Two names, system of the naming

Carolus Linnaeus

Crated a hierarchial sustem: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Specific Epithet

Species

Carolus Linnaeus

His system provided a universal language for scientists and is still the backbone of taxonomy today

Charles Darwin

His theory of evolution by natural selection shifted classification toward phylogeny

Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

What is Charles Darwin’s Theory

Felidae

Cat family

Panthera tigris

Scientific name of Tiger

Felis catus

Scientific name of domesticated cats

Ernst Haeckel, Protista

Proposed new kingdoms __, and emphasized evolutionary trees

Ernst Haeckel

Traced history of man if where did we really come from, family tree

George Gaylord Simpson

Integrated paleontology with taxonomy, advancing evolutionary classification

George Gaylord Simpson

Based on the past, digged bones, focused in specific animals

George Gaylord Simpson

Gave names to dinosaurs

Ernst Mayr

Developed the biological species, concept and contributed to modern systematics

Taxonomy

Naming of animals

Phylogenetics

Evolutionary relationships

Nomenclature

Rules of naming species

Identification

Determining which group an organism

Carl Woese, Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes

Classified life into two groups namely __ and __

Carl Woese, true bacteria, archaea

Differentiated bacteria to be __ and __

Carl Woese, Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Indentified 3 domain system namely __, __, and __

Bacteria

Either has nucleus or none

Archaea

Has no nucleus

Eukarya

Has nucleus

Robert Whittaker

Proposed the five kingdom classification system groups all living organism

Monera

Prokaryotes, bacteria and cyanobacteria

Monera

More of plants, a little of animals

Protista

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes, protozoa and algae

Protista

Either plants or animals

Fungi

Yeasts, molds, mushrooms

Plantae

Multicellular plants

Plantae

Thicker cell cover, cell wall, has cellulose

Animalia

Multicellular animals

Animalia

Structure is really same to animals, cell membrane

Eubacteria/bacteria

Kingdom of Bacteria

Archaebacteria/Archaea

Kingdom of Archaea

Protista/euglena, fungi, plantae, animalia

Kingdoms of Eukarya

Peptidoglycan

Cell wall of bacteria

Common environments

Which habitat are bacteria found in?

Extreme environments

Which habitat are archaea found in?

Mostly uni, some multi

Cell type of Protista

Autotrophic

Nutrition of algae

Heterotrophic

Nutrition of protozoa

Yes

Is there a cell wall in algae?

No

Is there a cell wall in protozoa?

Unicellular

Cell type of yeasts

Multicellular

Cell type of molds and mushrooms

Heterotrophic

Nutrition of Yeasts

Saprophytic

Nutrition of molds and mushrooms

Chitin

Cell wall of fungi

Fungi

Decomposers, play a role in nutrient cycling

Multicellular

Cell type of plantae

Autotrophic

Nutrition of plantae

Cellulose

Cell wall of plantae

Plantae

Producers in ecosystems, store energy as starch

Multicellular

Cell type of animalia

Heterotrophic

Nutrition of animalia

Animalia

Consumers in ecosystem

Modern genomics

Genomes using advanced sequencing and tools, enabling breakthroughs in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology

Medicine

Identifying mutations, gene splicing

Agriculture

Crop or drought resistance, pest resistance, mixed livestock using genomic data to select desirable traits

Biotechnology

DNA alterations

Binomial system

Each system has two part Latin name

Uniqueness

Each name is unique and not duplicated with similar code

Priority

The earliest validly published name takes precedence

Universality

Names must be accepted and used internationally

Stability

Names should remain stable, changes are avoided

Latinization

Names are latinized, ensuring neutrality across languages

Kingdom, Animalia

The broadest group, all animals belong to __

Phylum

Groups animals based on major body plans, example is Chordata

Class

Subdivides Phyla, example is Mammalia

Order

Groups animals with closer similarities, example is Primates

Family

Narrower grouping, example is Hominidae

Genus

Groups species with every close traits, example is Homo

Species, specific epithet

The most specific level, example is sapiens