Chapter 28: Seed Plants

Gnetophytes

Gnetophytes

________ are an obscure clade of gymnosperms that has a few traits associated with angiosperms.

Angiosperms

________ are flowering plants that produce their seeds within a fruit (a mature ovary)

Eudicots

________ usually have floral parts in fours or fives or multiples thereof, and their seeds each contain two cotyledons.

Cycads

________ are palmlike or fernlike in appearance.

Progymnosperms

________ were seedless vascular plants that had megaphylls and "modern "woody tissue.

separate plants

They are dioecious- they have male and female reproductive structures on ________- but reproduce with pollen and seeds in conelike structures.

fertilization

After ________, the ovules become seeds, and the ovary develops into a fruit.

bryophytes

Unlike ________ and ferns, gymnosperms produce seeds.

nutritive organs

The ________ in their mature seeds are usually the cotyledons, which have absorbed the nutrients in the endosperm.

microspores

Flowering plants are heterosporous and produce ________ and megaspores within the flower.

gymnosperms

Unlike those of ________, the ovules of flowering plants are enclosed within an ovary.

sepals

The flower, which may contain ________, petals, stamens, and carpels, functions in sexual reproduction.

Sporophyte generation

The ________ is dominant in flowering plants.

Female ginkgo

The ________ produces fleshy seeds directly on branches.

vessel elements

Flowering plants have efficient water- conducting ________ in their xylem and efficient carbohydrate- conducting sieve tube elements in their phloem.

Conifers

________ , the largest phylum of gymnosperms, are woody plants that bear needles (slender leaves that are usually evergreen) and produce seeds in cones.

Double fertilization

________, which results in the formation of a diploid zygote and triploid endosperm, is characteristic of flowering plants.

Ginkgo biloba

________, the only surviving species in phylum Gink- gophyta, is a deciduous, dioecious tree.

transfer of pollen

After pollination, the ________ to the female cones, a pollen tube grows through the megasporangium to the egg within the archegonium.

separate cones

Most conifers are monoecious and have male and female reproductive parts in ________ on the same plant.

Pine

________ is heterosporous and produces microspores and megaspores in separate cones.

Progymnosperms

________ probably gave rise to conifers as well as to seed ferns, which in turn likely gave rise to cycads and ginkgo.

fertilization

After ________, the zygote develops into an embryo encased inside a seed adapted for wind dispersal.

angiosperms

Flowering plants, or ________ (phylum Anthophyta), constitute the phylum of vascular plants that produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit.

bryophytes

Unlike ________, gymnosperms are vascular plants.

Gymnosperms

________ also produce wind- borne pollen grains, a feature absent in ferns and other seedless vascular plants.

Gymnosperms

________ produce seeds that are totally exposed or borne on the scales of cones; an ovary wall does not surround the ovules of gymnosperms.

Ginkgo biloba, the only surviving species in phylum Gink

gophyta, is a deciduous, dioecious tree