Reading (unit 2.1)

salivary gland (n)
/ˈsælɪvəri ɡlænd/

tuyến nước bọt
e.g. Each salivary gland produces saliva to help moisten food and start digestion.

exocrine (adj)
/ˈeksəkrɪn/

ngoại tiết
e.g. Exocrine cells in the pancreas produce enzymes that aid in digestion.

lubricate (v)
/ˈluːbrɪkeɪt/

bôi trơn
e.g. Saliva helps lubricate food, making it easier to swallow.

bolus (n)
/ˈbəʊləs/

viên thức ăn
e.g. The tongue pushes the bolus to the back of the mouth for swallowing.

toward (prep)
/təˈwɔːd/

về phía, hướng tới
e.g. Food moves toward the stomach through the esophagus.

cartilaginous (adj)
/ˌkɑːrtɪˈlɪdʒɪnəs/

(thuộc) sụn, bằng sụn
e.g. The trachea is supported by cartilaginous rings.

lodged (adj)
/lɒdʒd/

mắc kẹt, bị giữ lại
e.g. A fish bone was lodged in the patient’s throat.

involuntary (adj)
/ɪnˈvɒləntri/

không chủ ý, không tự kiểm soát
e.g. Swallowing includes both voluntary and involuntary muscle actions.

progressive (adj)
/prəˈɡresɪv/

tiến triển, tăng dần
e.g. The disease causes a progressive loss of muscle control.

rhythmic (adj)
/ˈrɪðmɪk/

nhịp nhàng
e.g. Peristalsis is the rhythmic contraction of muscles in the digestive tract.

contraction (n)
/kənˈtrækʃən/

sự co lại, sự co bóp
e.g. Muscle contraction in the intestines moves food along the digestive tract.

propel (v)
/prəˈpel/

đẩy tới, thúc đẩy
e.g. Peristalsis works by propelling food through the digestive system.

squeeze (v)
/ˈskwiːz/

ép, bóp, nén
e.g. Digestion involves squeezing food through the intestines to aid nutrient absorption.

fundus (n)
/ˈfʌndəs/

đáy vị (phần trên cùng của một cơ quan rỗng, xa lỗ mở)
e.g. The fundus of the stomach stores undigested food and gases released during digestion.

antrum (n)
/ˈæntrəm/

hang vị (phần dưới)
e.g. The antrum of the stomach helps grind food and mix it with digestive juices.

lead out (v)
/liːd aʊt/

dẫn ra, mở ra từ
e.g. The pylorus leads out of the stomach into the duodenum.

regurgitate (v)
/rɪˈɡɜːdʒɪteɪt/

trào ngược, nôn ra (đưa ngược thức ăn hoặc chất lỏng từ dạ dày lên miệng)
e.g. The patient was regurgitating food due to a problem with the esophageal sphincter.

fold (n)
/fəʊld/

nếp gấp
e.g. Each fold in the mucous membrane increases the surface area for absorption.

mucosa (n)
/mjuˈkəʊsə/

niêm mạc, màng nhầy
e.g. The stomach’s mucosa contains glands that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.

rugae (n)
/ˈruːɡiː/

(những) nếp gấp (trong niêm mạc)
e.g. The rugae of the stomach allow it to expand when food enters.

passage (n)
/ˈpæsɪdʒ/

đường, lối đi (trong cơ thể)
e.g. The nasal passage filters and warms the air before it reaches the lungs.

proceed (v)
/prəˈsiːd/

tiếp tục, tiến hành
e.g. After swallowing, food proceeds down the esophagus to the stomach.