Tsarist Russia topic 1+2

What religion is traditional

Russian Orthodox

Who was the first russian marxist group

Emancipation of labour

Role of priests 1855-1894

• inform police of suspicious activity

• pass on statements from holy confession to authorities

• Read out imperial manifestos and decrees

• Root out opposition

Were priests well liked 1855-94

No often regarded as money grabbing were not trusted and werent against church rules

Church and education 1855-94

Ran the curriculum delyanov gave church increased power on primary education

How did liberal clergy feel about church 1855-1894

Wanted to regenerate church and reform relations with tsarist state

How did church ensure peasant control 1855-1894

Moral domination based on the superstitions

Were the clergy well liked 1855-1894

No many classes disparage them

What percentage of people were subscribed to orthodox church

70%

Why did churches become less revelang

Little revelance to factory workers and didnt keep up with urbanisation

Tsar x church

Tsar had not only divine right but a holiness making him saint on earth this tied in with him being father

How did russification impact peoples view on church

Angered them

(Russification results on church) how many catholics and Lutherans, muslims and pagans converted and evaluation

40k catholics and lutherans, 8.5k muslims, 50k pagans. Many later reverted

(Russification results on church) Results on estonia and latvia

Capital cities had huge onion domed cathedrals built

(Russification results on church) Which groups were perceuted

Radical sects who settled in remote areas of siberia

(Russification results on church) Autonomous churches

Orthodox church Exerted power over them

(Russification results on church) Law

Became an offence to convert from orthodoxy

(Russification results on church) Pagans

Baptism enforced and ritual humiliation

Who set up the ecclesiastical commission and when

Valuez (minister of internal affairs) 1862

What did the ecclesiastical commission do

Looked into the church organisation and practice

What caused the creation of the ecclesiastical commision

A report in 1858 about clerical poverty and behaviour

Results of ecclesiastical commission

1868 reforms introduced to imprive education of priests

percentage of land suitable for agriculture

20%

How many serfs in 1861

23 million

Between 1861 and 1905 what percentage of land had landowners sold off

40

Pre emancipation of serfs what fraction of gentry already morgaged to banks

2/3

whats a kulak

a prosperous landed peasant

why did the emancipation of serfs happen moral case

• royal family felt it was ethically wrong

• nobles accepted it was demeaning

• turgenev (writer) drew attention to plight of serfs

• radical intelligentsia opposed it

why did the emancipation of the serfs happen risk of revolt

• serious revolts since 1840s

• a2 was unsettled by revolutions in 1848 in europe

• if revolt happened no army to stop it as serfs were the army

• spike in disturbances 1857-59

• tsar ordered weekly reports of peasant mood from dec 1857

why did the emancipation of the serfs happen crimean war

• drew attention to poor condition if army

• risky to release 1000s of serfs with military training

why did the emancipation of serfs happen economic reasoning

• intelligentsia saw it as needed

• milyutin in 1847 called serfdom a ‘hindrance’

• smith argued free labour is more productive than forced labour

when was emancipation of serfs

march 1861

how many levels of civil servant in 1855

14

what was rank 1 of civil servants

council of minister

what was rank 14 of civil servants

minor state positions eg tax collection

what did each rank of civil servant have 1855

uniform form of address and status

how many serfs conscripted 1855

1.5 million conscripted serfs forced into 25 years of service made tk live in a military colony

what % if government annual spending did army and navy use

45

whats capital accumulation and did russians have it in 1855

savings people couldnt have savings as they didn’t make enough money

what type of economy did russia have in 1855

agricultural

hierarchy in russia 1855

tsar-royalty-church-military-aristocracy-serfs

Since when has the romanov dynasty ruled

1613

whats a state serf

serfs who pay taxes and rent

where did most serfs live

village communes (mirs) run by village elders

weaknesses of educational reforms

• primary education based on religion

• secondary schools were still feepauing

• more radical students joined opposition groups

3 successes of the emancipation of the serfs

• could marry travel vote in local elections an trade freely

• Kept the houses and land immediately outside

• Landowners compensated for loss of land in government bonds

3 failures of the emancipation of the serfs

• they must make annual payment to the government for the land they purchased to repay over 49 years

• They recieved poor land as the landowners pi ked their land first and kept 2/3s of it

• 1000+ disturbances in 1861 one of which with 10k peasants

How much did landholdings fall from 1862-1905

87 million to 50 million desyatiny

Why were nobles annoyed after emancipation of serfs

Lost power

How did the government avoid peasants all gathering together and rebelling

Internal passports

What did a2 do at 19

Went on an extensive tour of russia and europe

What percentage of people were the ruling class

0.5%

What percentage of people are upper class

12

What percentage of people are commercial class

1.5

What percentage of people are working class

4

What percentage of people are peasantry

82

What is the social hierarchy in tsarist russia

Ruling class, upper class, commercial class, working class, peasantry

How much of the world’s total land mass is Russia

1/6

What is the northern part of Russia called

The tundra

What condition is the tundra most of the year

Frozen

What grows south of the tundra

Trees but most cant be accessed or used

Whats the steppes

Open plaines and grassland

What is in the far south of russia

Deserts

What happens to roads when it rains and why

They get ruined as theyre mud

Ratio of towns to villages russia vs britain

1:11 vs 1:2

What was Russia one of the main exporters of in the mid 19th century

Agricultural produce, processed vast reserves of timber, coal, oil and gold

3 limitations of being a serf

• ask permission to marry

• Conscription

• Little incentive

How many serfs paid rent

30%

What is a serf that pays rent called

Obrok

What is a serf who provides labour called

Barshchina

Where did most serfs work

In a village commune (mirs)

What did markets sell mainly

• vodka

• Salt (for preserving)

How did you pay at a market

Exvhange

Why were markets not very successful

No internal market demand

What did the civil service make up

A bureaucracy with paid noble officals selected from a table of ranks

What was the tsars title

Emperor and autocrat of all Russia

How large was russia’s empire

21 million square km

Who is head of the orthodox church

Tsar

Who were the productive classes

Manufacturers and urban artisans

Who paid direct tax

Everyone but nobility and clergy

What were the more educated people known as

Intelligentsia

When was the over procurator of the holy synod role created

1721

What did the over procurator of the holy synod do

Was a government minister who ran church affairs

What were the laws of the land called

The tsar’s imperial edicts (ukaz)

Who were the tsars main advisory board

• imperial council

• Chancellery

Who are the chancellery

A body of 35-60 nobles

Who are the council of ministers

8-14 ministers who dealt with different government departments

Who was the senate

Should oversee all governement workings but was largely reducndant

when did nobles stop having to serve the state

1785

when did nicohlas 1 send a russian army where to begin the crimean war

june 1853 moldovia and wallachia

when did turks declare the crimean war

october 1853

what did russia do whoch made britain and france get involved in the crimean war

sank a squadron from the turkish black sea fleet

how many men did britain and france send tk crimea at the beginning of the war and where exactly

60k+ to naval base of sebastopol

what increased death toll in crimean war

cholera

in what ways did russia suffer in crimean war

• outdated tech

• poor transport

• inadequate leadership

• poor weaponery

• lack of determination

when and where were russia defeated during the war

balaclava in october 1854 inkerman november 1854

when did alexander 2 take over in crimean war

march 1855

when did crimean war end

feb 1856

when did the fortress of sebastopol fall

september 1855

what did the crimean war cause more of for russia

• peasant uprisings

• trade disruptions

• intelligentsia anger