Geo changing landscapes 1

UK main rock types

sedimentary, igneous, metamorphic

name types of sedimentary rock

chalk, sandstone

name types of igneous rock

basalt, granite

name types of metamorphic rock

schists, slates

characteristics of metamorphic rock

• formed from other (sedimentary/igneous) rocks
• formed under great heat/pressure
• crystals can be arranged in layers (e.g. slate from shale)

characteristics of igneous rock

• formed from molten rock
• randomly arranged crystals
• very resistant
• don't contain fossils

characteristics of sedimentary rocks

• many have layers
• often contain fossils
• composed of rounded grains pushed together
• vary in colour

Where is metamorphic rock found in the UK?

• snowdonia (slate)
• SE NI
• SW England
• N NI (schist)
• CE Scotland

Where is igneous rock found in the UK?

• Hayworth on Dartmoor (granite)
• SE NI
• N Scotland
• Whin Sill (Basalt)
• Giant's Causeway
• Fingal's Cave

Why do igneous and metamorphic rocks tend to form highland areas?

often more resistant to physical processes than sedimentary rocks

Why do sedimentary rocks generally form lowland landscapes?

less resistant to physical processes

What is the rock cycle?

rocks exist in a closed system where they move through a period of hundreds of millions of years

the rock cycle

1) weathering and erosion
2) transportation and deposition
3) sedimentation
4) compaction and cementation
5) burial, high temperatures, and pressure
6) melting
7) slow uplift to the surface

define geology

the science that deals with the history of the Earth, the rocks it is composed of, and how it changes

How were igneous rocks formed from tectonic processes?

cooling of molten rock (magma)

How were metamorphic rocks formed from tectonic activity?

when sedimentary rocks were heated and compressed

What physical processes affect the landscape?

• ice
• weathering and climate
• the sea
• mass movement
• rivers

How have ice physical processes affected the landscape?

• mainly covered upland areas (resistant rock) and defined by glacial erosion and deposition
• lowland areas shaped by glacial outwash when melted

How have weathering and climate physical processes affected the landscape?

• mechanical, biological, and chemical weathering have continual impact
• heavy rainfall causes rivers' greater erosive power

How have the sea, rivers, and mass movement physical processes affected the landscape?

• shaped by the work of the sea
• shaped by river processes (erosion, transport, deposition)
• shaped by slope processes

What human processes affect the landscape?

• building of settlements
• agriculture
• forestry

How has the building of settlements affected the landscape?

changed to a more human landscape

• houses to live in
• structures and buildings for industry
• roads to connect settlements

How has agriculture affected the landscape?

• land used to be farmed with hedges and walls as boundaries
• has changed over time (e.g. land created for machinery)

How has forestry affected the landscape?

originally covered in woodland (now felled)

• now open moorland, settlement, and farmland
• deciduous to coniferous woodland