BIO 122: Animal, Fungi, and Bacteria Classification

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the hierarchy of animal classification, the six kingdoms, specific phyla and classes, types of fungi, and the morphological, physiological, and environmental classification of bacteria.

Linnaeus Method

Also known as Linnaean Taxonomy, it is a system developed in the 1700’s that groups species based on shared characteristics into a hierarchy of taxa.

Binomial nomenclature

A two-word scientific naming system typically rooted in Latin that combines the genus and the species, such as Homo sapiens for humans.

The nine branching categories of species

1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Suborder 7. Animal Families 8. Genus 9. Species.

Kingdom Animal

A kingdom of complex multi-celled organisms that do not produce their own food, containing all living and extinct animals.

Kingdom Plants

Complex and multi-cellular autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Kingdom Protista

Single-celled organisms with more complexity than eubacteria or archaebacteria, such as algae and amoebas.

Kingdom Archaebacteria

The oldest known living organisms; single-celled and found in hostile environments like thermal vents or hot springs.

Phylum Porifera

Marine animals more commonly known as sponges, found in every ocean on earth.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Typically parasitic flatworms that lack respiratory or circulatory systems and use diffusion for oxygen exchange.

Phylum Arthropoda

The largest phylum by species count, consisting of invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton and segmented bodies, including insects and arachnids.

Notochord

A cartilaginous skeletal rod that supports the body in embryos and can often become a spine in Phylum Chordata.

Agnatha

A class of the Chordata phylum consisting of jaw-less fish.

Chiropptera

The only order of mammals that can fly, specifically referring to bats.

Pinnae

The external ear structure characteristic of organisms in the Class Mammalia.

Subphylum Urochordata

Also referred to as Tunicata, these marine animals have a leathery covering and a notochord present only in the larval tail.

Opah (moon-fish)

A fully warm-blooded fish discovered in 2015 capable of regulating its body temperature.

Thermoception

A sense possessed by snakes that allows them to see infrared radiation emitted by objects or prey.

Incomplete digestive system

A digestive cavity with one opening that serves as both mouth and anus, found in organisms like jellyfish.

Nerve net

The simplest invertebrate nervous system consisting of a network of nerves that can sense touch.

Larva

A juvenile or immature stage of an animal that is generally different in form and function from the adult form.

Fission

A form of asexual reproduction where an animal divides into two parts, and each part regrows the missing section.

Phylum Chytridiomycota

The most primitive fungi and the only group possessing gametes with a flagellum; they often live in aquatic environments.

Zygomycota

A phylum of fungi that includes bread mold ($Rhizopus\,stolonifer$) and reproduces sexually through conjugation to create zygospores.

Ascus

A sac-like structure in Phylum Ascomycota that contains haploid ascospores.

Basidia

Club-shaped fruiting bodies found on the gills of mushroom-producing fungi in Phylum Basidiomycota.

Phylum Deuteromycota

Known as "imperfect fungi," this polyphyletic group does not display a sexual phase and reproduces strictly asexually via conidiospores.

Arbuscular mycorrhizae

A symbiotic relationship formed by Glomeromycota where fungal hyphae interact with plant root cells to exchange minerals for carbon.

Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria that stain blue-purple because they have a much larger peptidoglycan cell wall that retains crystal violet and iodine.

Cocci

Unicellular bacteria with a spherical or elliptical shape.

Sarcina

Spherical bacteria that divide in three planes to form a regular cube-like configuration of $8$ or $16$ cells.

Vibrio

Curved, comma-shaped bacteria represented by a single genus, such as $Vibrio\,cholerae$.

Photolithotrophs

Bacteria that gain energy from light and use reduced inorganic compounds like $H_2S$ as an electron source.

Psychrophiles

Bacteria that can grow at $0\,^\circ C$ or below, with an optimum growth temperature of $15\,^\circ C$ or below and a maximum of $20\,^\circ C$.

Mesophiles

Bacteria that grow best between $25-40\,^\circ C$ with an optimum temperature of $37\,^\circ C$, including most human pathogens.

Stenothermophiles

True or obligate thermophiles that require high temperatures to grow.

Facultative Anaerobes

Bacteria that can use oxygen but are also able to grow in its absence, such as $E.\,coli$ and yeasts.

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

Bacteria that cannot use oxygen but tolerate its presence and can break down toxic forms of oxygen.

Microaerophiles

Bacteria that require oxygen but only at low concentrations and are sensitive to toxic forms of oxygen.

Alkaliphiles

Bacteria that grow best at an alkaline pH, such as $Vibrio\,cholerae$ which has an optimum pH of $8.2$.

Halophiles

Bacteria that require moderate to large salt concentrations, often found in oceans which contain $3.5\,\%$ salt.

Monotrichous

Bacteria having a single flagellum attached to one end of the cell.

Peritrichous

Bacteria where flagella are evenly distributed surrounding the entire bacterial cell.

Endospore forming bacteria

Bacteria that produce spores within the bacterial cell during unfavorable conditions, such as members of genus $Bacillus$.

Mycoplasmas

Cell wall deficient bacteria that do not possess a stable morphology and occur as round bodies or interlacing filaments.

Actinomycetes

Branching filamentous bacteria that resemble the radiating rays of the sun in tissue lesions.