Hitler Begining

What was the primary economic challenge facing most European nations immediately after World War I?

They had to rebuild their war-torn economies.

Which nation acted as Europe's primary lender or 'bank' during the post-WWI rebuilding period?

The United States of America.

Which two major nations emerged from World War I in a better economic condition than before the war?

The United States and Japan.

A temporary alliance of several political parties needed to form a parliamentary majority is known as a _.

coalition government

Why were coalition governments a source of instability in post-WWI European democracies like France and Italy?

Frequent disagreements between parties led to the collapse of coalitions and frequent changes in government.

"During times of crisis

what type of leader did voters in unstable democracies sometimes turn to?"

What was the name of the new democratic government established in Germany in 1919?

The Weimar Republic.

For what primary reason was the Weimar Republic unpopular with many German people from its inception?

It was blamed for the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles and the difficult post-war period.

What event triggered the French invasion of Germany's Ruhr industrial region in 1923?

Germany was unable to make a scheduled war reparation payment to France.

How did the German government respond to the French occupation of the Ruhr in 1923?

"It encouraged 'passive resistance

What was the direct economic consequence of the Weimar government printing vast amounts of money to pay striking Ruhr workers?

"It led to catastrophic hyperinflation

"In 1923

at the peak of hyperinflation

"What international agreement

led by the US and France

What was the main weakness of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?

"There was no way to enforce it

"What term describes a government that takes total

centralised control over every aspect of public and private life?"

What are common methods used by totalitarian regimes to dominate a nation?

"They include the use of terror

What is the role of 'police terror' in a totalitarian state?

"To enforce the government's policies

"In a totalitarian state

_ is instruction in the government's beliefs

How does a totalitarian state control public opinion and information?

Through propaganda to spread biased information and censorship to control all mass media.

Fascism is a political movement that emphasises extreme forms of nationalism and _.

militarism

"Unlike communism

which sought a classless society

How did fascists and communists differ in their international outlook?

"Fascists were nationalists who believed in the primacy of their own country

Who became the leader of the Nazi Party in Germany?

Adolf Hitler.

"What was the name of the book Adolf Hitler wrote in prison

which set forth his beliefs and goals for Germany?"

What is the German term for 'living space' which Hitler claimed Germany needed?

Lebensraum.

What global event caused the German economy to collapse and led to a surge in support for the Nazi party?

The Great Depression.

When did conservative leaders advise President Hindenburg to name Hitler as chancellor?

In January 1933.

What event did Hitler use as a pretext to call for new elections and stir up fear of communists in 1933?

The Reichstag fire.

"What did the ""law against the formation of new parties"" of July 1933 achieve for Hitler?"

"It made the Nazi party the only legal political party

"What was the name of the elite

black-uniformed unit loyal only to Hitler

"The Nazi secret police

which used brutal tactics and terror to shock most Germans into total obedience

What was the 'Night of the Long Knives' in June 1934?

A purge where Hitler's SS troops murdered leaders of the SA (storm troopers) and other political opponents to consolidate his power.

"Who was the leader of the SA

a former trusted friend of Hitler

"What title did Hitler assume after President Hindenburg's death in August 1934

combining the roles of president and chancellor?"

How did Hitler consolidate control over Germany's provincial governments?

"He abolished provincial parliaments and appointed Nazi governors with total control

What happened to trade unions in Nazi Germany in May 1933?

"They were abolished

What was the primary significance of the Night of the Long Knives for Hitler's relationship with the German army?

"It eliminated the SA as a rival

What was the 'Culture of Denunciation' in Nazi Germany?

"A climate of fear encouraged by the Gestapo where citizens

What was the main form of Leftist opposition to the Nazis?

"Distributing anti-Nazi leaflets

"The _ were a youth group who rejected Hitler Youth rules

listened to banned music

What was the 'White Rose'?

"A non-violent resistance group of university students

Why was opposition from religious groups in Nazi Germany generally weak and fragmented?

"The banning of political parties prevented political organisation

What economic factor helped to reduce opposition to the Nazi regime by the mid-1930s?

"The German economy had rebounded dramatically

"Overall

what percentage of the German population is estimated to have engaged in active anti-Nazi activities?"

What 1928 event saw Japan sign an international treaty agreeing to respect China's borders?

The signing of the Kellogg-Briand Pact.

"What action did Japanese militarists take in 1931

defying their own parliament?"

How did the League of Nations respond to Japan's invasion of Manchuria?

"It vigorously protested the action

Which African nation did Mussolini's Italy invade in 1935?

Ethiopia.

How did Hitler first defy the Treaty of Versailles in March 1935?

He announced that Germany would not obey the treaty's restrictions on the size of its army.

"What bold military action did Hitler take in March 1936

in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles?"

"The alliance formed between Germany

Italy

In what European conflict did Hitler and Mussolini test their military forces by aiding Francisco Franco?

The Spanish Civil War.