Anatomy Pt. 3

What is the difference between gonads and gametes?

• Gonads: testes and ovaries

• Gametes: sperm and eggs (ova)

What structures does the scrotum contain?

Skin pouch

• Testes

• Epididymis

• Septum

• Lobules

• Seminiferous tubules

What is the function of the testes? What structure does it contain?

• Seminiferous tubules in testes; produce sperm (spermatogenesis)

What is the function of the epididymis?

• Storage of sperm

What is the pathway of sperm in the male reprod. system?

1. Seminiferous tubules

2. Rete testis

3. Epididymis

4. Vas deferens

5. Ampulla

ejaculatory duct

What is the function of seminal glands?

• Produces most of fluid that makes up semen

contains fructose for energy

What is the function of the prostate?

• Provides additional fluid for semen; protects against UTIs

What is the function of bulbourethral gland?

• Lubricates glans penis

What is the pathway of the egg (ovum) in the female reproductive system?

1. Ovaries

2. Fallopian tubes

3. Uterus

4. Cervix

5. Vagina

What is the function of the ovaries?

• Site of oogenesis; primary follicle —> oocytes

produces estrogen and progesterone

What is the function of fallopian tubes?

• Site of fertilization; stores oocyte (egg cell)

What is the function of the uterus?

• Womb, fertilized egg (zygote) embeds into uterine wall

What is the cervix?

• End of uterus connection to vagina

What is the vagina?

• Copulatory (sexual intercourse) canal

What occurs within the hypothalamus during puberty? Function?

• Hypothalamus produce gonadotropin releasing hormone (GDPH)

releases LH and FSH from AP gland

What does the hypothalamus connect? Functions?

• Connect pituitary gland to reproductive and endocrine systems

Produces its own hormones

What is the function of the posterior pituitary gland? Example?

• Holds hormones made by hypothalamus

e.g. Secretes oxytocin: increases contraction and ejection of milk

What is the function of the anterior pituitary gland? Example?

• Produces its own hormones

e.g. Prolactin: stimulates milk production

What is the function of FSH and LH in the female reproductive system?

• FSH: stimulate follicular growth in oogenesis and regulates menstrual cycle

• LH: stimulates release of egg into fallopian tubes

both; signal production of estrogen

What is the function of estrogen?

• Maturation eggs of ovum (egg) and thickening of endometrium

secondary sex char.

What is the function of progesterone? What primarily releases it?

• Prepares uterus for implantation of fertilized egg

released by corpus luteum during luteal phase

What is the function of LH in the male reproductive system?

• Signals testes to produce more testosterone (androgen)

What is the function of the FSH in the male reproductive system?

• Works with testosterone to produce sperm cells (spermatogensis)

What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?

• Oogenesis: process of maturing an egg cell

• Spermatogenesis: production of sperm

What are the stages of oogenesis?

Primordial follicle

1. Primary follicle

2. Secondary follicle

3. Tertiary follicle; contains antrum

4. Preovulatory follicle; growing antrum

5. Antrum overgrows; pushing out oocyte (during ovulation)

When does the ovarian cycle begin?

• At the growing of the tertiary follicle during oogenesis

almost complete

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?

1. Follicular phase

2. Ovulation

3. Luteal phase

What occurs in the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

1. Tertiary follicles growing (FSH); secreting estrogen

increasing estrogen, dec. FSH

What is the LH surge that occurs? What stimulates it?

• High levels of estrogen from mature follicle —> stimulates LH surge: initiates ovulation

What occurs during ovulation in the ovarian cycle?

Day 14

2. Expulsion of oocyte, awaiting fertilization

initiated by LH surge

What occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? What happens with no fertilization?

3. Post ovulatory, secretion of progesterone due to corpus luteum

No fertilization; corpus luteum —> albicans

What occurs in the menstrual cycle? What are the 3 phases?

• 28 day cycle of endometrial building and degeneration

1. Menstrual

2. Proliferative

3. Secretory

What occurs in the menstrual phase?

• Lining shed, bleeding; lowest thickness of endometrium

follicular phase

What occurs in the proliferative phase? What occurs in the ovaries at the end of this phase?

• Blood ceases, endometrium proliferative, rebuilding

ovulation: occurs at the end of this phase

What occurs in the secretory phase?

• Progesterone thicken endometrial lining to prepare for fertilized egg

What is the function of the integumentary system?

• Homeostasis

• Physical barrier

• Protection from pathogen

• Vitamin D production

What is the function of the sebaceous gland?

• Secrete sebum into hair follicle

What is the function of ceruminous glands?

• Produce ear wax

What are the two types of sweat glands? Functions?

• Apocrine: in hair follicles, producing body odor

• Eccrine: throughout dermis, regulate body temp.

What are the 2 methods to thermoregulation?

• Sweat glands

• Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction work to regulate body temp?

• Vasodilation (widens BV); releases heat to dec. temp.

• Vasoconstriction (constricts BV); retains heat to inc. temp.

What are the layers of the skin?

1. Epidermis

2. Dermis

3. Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

What are the five layers of the epidermis

Come Let’s Get Sun Burned

1. Stratum corneum (most superficial)

2. Stratum lucidum

3. Stratum granulosum

4. Stratum spinosum

5. Stratum basale

What does the stratum corneum coontain?

• Keratin and lipids; made up of dead skin cells

What does the stratum lucidum contain?

• Thin, clear layer of cells

found; ONLY palm and soles of feet

What does the stratum granulosum contain?

• Contain granules of lipids

What does the stratum spinosum contain?

• Keratinocytes held together by desmosomes

What does the stratum basale contain?

• Contains melanocytes; replaces dead epidermis

What does the dermis contain?

• Blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles, CT

What proteins does the dermis contain? Function?

• Collagen: structural support

• Elastin: elasticity

What are the two layers of the dermis?

• Papillary layer: top, thin layer containing BV

• Reticular layer; bottom, thicker level with sweat glands, hair follicle, etc

What does the hypodermis (subcutaenous layer) contain?

• Primarily composed of adipose tissue

What occurs in keloids?

• Irregular fibrous tissue from increased collagen production

What occurs in melanoma?

• Abnormal growth of melanin forming cells

What occurs in 1st degree burns?

• Epidermis damaged

What occurs in 2nd degree burns?

• Epidermis + upper layer of dermis

swelling, pain

What occurs in 3rd degree burns?

• Both full epidermis and dermis damaged

white/charred skin and numbness

What occurs in 4th degree burns?

• Reaches all layers of skin and tissue, bones, muscles

loss of function

What is the function of vitamin D?

• Made by skin to aid intestines

What is the function of hormones? What is their structure?

• Chemical signals delivered to organs to perform function

derived from AA and lipids

What is homeostasis? Examples?

• Maintaining constant internal environment

e.g. Glucose in blood (insulin and glucagon) and water in blood (ADH)

What occurs in positive feedback? Examples?

• Hormones increases its own production, amplyfing itself

e.g. Oxytocin

How does oxytocin work?

1. Cervical stretching

2. Release oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

3. Increased contractions

4. Push fetus against cervix

pressure against cervix cause stretching; repeats

What occurs in negative feedback? Exampels?

• Uses a counter response, to inhibit a hormone

e.g. Blood glucose levels, water in blood

What occurs in the negative feedback that occurs to BP when lying down to standing up?

1. BP falls

2. BP receptors respond

3. Medulla; HR increases

4. BP rises

What occurs in the negative feedback when blood sugar increases?

1. Blood sugar increased

2. Receptors in pancreas sense

3. Pancreas releases insulin converting glucose to glycogen (glygogen suppressed)

4. Blood sugar decreased

What occurs in the negative feedback when blood sugar decreases

1. Blood sugar decreased

2. Receptors in pancreases sense dec.

3. Pancreases releases glucagon releasing glucose into blood

4. Blood sugar increased

What is the function of ADH?

• Antidiuretic hormone: signals idneys to retain water

What occurs in the negative feedback loop of low concentration of water in blood?

1. Low conc. of water in blood

2. Hypothalamus detects inc. solute

3. PP Inc. release of ADH and inc. thirst

4. Kidneys absorb water in blood

5. Inc. conc. of water in blood

What occurs in the negative feedback loop of high concentration of water in blood?

1. High conc. of water in blood

2. Hypothalamus detects dec. solutes in blood

3. PP suppresses release of ADH

4. More urination

5. Dec. conc. of water in blood

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

• Endocrine: releases hormones directly into surroundings

• Exocrine: uses ducts to transport hormones

e.g. sweat, mammary

What is the function of the hypothalamus? Ex?

• Makes own hormones

e.g. Hypothalamus

Where is the thyroid gland located? Function?

• Front of neck; under skin

What is hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

• Secretes melatonin, regulates sleep wake cycle

What hormone does the parathyroid hormone secrete?

• Secretes Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): raises blood Ca

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete? Funcctions?

Located: front of neck, under skin

• T3/T4: metabolism, regulating growth

• Calcitonin: Lowers blood Ca

What is the function of the posterior pituitary? Examples of hormones secreted?

• Does not make own hormones, stores hormones and secretes:

e.g. Oxytocin, ADH

What is the function of the anterior pituitary? Examples?

• Produces its own hormones

e.g. Growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, FSH, LH

What is the function of prolactin?

AP

• Stimulates milk production in mammary glands

What is the function of the FSH? LH?

• FSH: Formation of ova and sperm

• LH: stimulates ovulation and androgen/testosterone prod.

What is the function of the thymus?

• Lymphoid organ that produces T cells

What is the function of adrenal gland?

• Above kidney that regulates HR and BP

What does the adrenal medulla release?

Inside adrenal gland

• Epinephrine; both involved in flight or fight response

• Norepinephrine

What does the adrenal cortex release?

• Glucocorticoids: cortisol - regulating blood glucose levels

• Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone