The Second Industrial Revolution: Major Shifts and Impacts

Radical Change

Signifies a desire to alter the fundamental aspects of society

Industrial Revolution

Transition marked by shifts to inanimate power and manufacturing

Animate Power

Power derived from living organisms, replaced by inanimate sources

Bessemer Converter

Invention in 1856 enabling mass steel production

Taylorism

Concept of scientific management focusing on work efficiency

Class Consciousness

Awareness of one's social class and shared work conditions

Feudalism

Socioeconomic system with agriculture as the main sector

Capitalism

Economic system where capital is privately owned for profit

Proletariat

Working class, often associated with manual labor

Bourgeoisie

Upper middle class, typically associated with wealth and status

Saint Monday

Workers' tradition of taking Mondays off as a religious holiday

Overproduction Crisis

Situation where factories produce more goods than can be consumed

Socialism

Political and economic theory advocating collective ownership

Communism

Socioeconomic system with communal ownership and no government

Means of Production

Resources and facilities for producing goods and services

Peugeot Automobile

Company transitioning from bicycles to car manufacturing

Railroad Expansion

Rapid growth of rail networks across Europe in the 19th century

Electricity Advancements

Development of electric trolleys and streetlights for cities

Factory System

Centralized production facility for efficiency and energy concentration

Industrialization

Process of developing industries and transitioning to manufacturing

Urbanization

Population shift from rural areas to urban centers

Worker Exploitation

Unfair treatment of laborers in dangerous factory conditions

Railway Boom

Explosive growth of railway networks in Europe during industrialization

City Suburbs

Outskirts of urban areas often housing lower-class workers

Middle Class Women

Upper-class women involved in charitable work for laborers

Industrial Urban Areas

Sections of cities dedicated to factories and industrial activities

Mass Consumerism

Majority consuming non-essential goods and services

Department Stores

Retail establishments selling various consumer goods

Emile Zola

Viewed department stores as a replacement for the church

Fixed Pricing

Set prices without negotiation

New Imperialism

Systematic conquest and economic exploitation by industrial nations

Scramble for Africa

European rapid colonization of Africa in the late 1800s

Geopolitics

International power dynamics between countries

Direct Rule

Governance with civil servants and military from the ruling country

Indirect Rule

Governance through local leaders under the ruling country's influence

Decolonization

Process of undoing colonialism, often involving gaining independence

Supoy Rebellion

Indian uprising against British East India Company in 1857

Forced Labor

Compulsory work often used as a punishment in colonies

Gandhi

Indian leader who advocated for nonviolent civil disobedience

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader

Apartheid

Legal system of racial segregation in South Africa

Missionary Activity

Religious outreach in colonized areas, often by Catholics

Civilizing Mission

Belief in spreading Western ideals and culture to 'uncivilized' peoples

Colonial Racism

Belief in racial superiority used to justify colonial rule

Human Zoos

Exhibitions where colonial subjects were displayed like animals

Social Darwinism

Theory applying natural selection to human society

Racial Hierarchies

Systems ranking races based on perceived superiority

World Fairs

International exhibitions showcasing colonial subjects

Buffalo Bill

American showman known for Wild West shows

Zinedine Zidane

French footballer of Algerian descent

Colonial Palace

Exhibition recreating cities of colonized countries