Manifest Destiny

Fictive kin

Kinship ties formed among enslaved people, using honorary titles to create family-like bonds.

Planter

Someone who owned at least 20 slaves; only 1 out of 30 Whites had that many.

Master

Oversaw all operations

Plain White Folk

Poor farmers who were often illiterate and uneducated.

Overseers

Young men who controlled day-to-day operations, using both tact and brute force.

Drivers

Trusted slaves responsible for ensuring work was done, often resented by other slaves.

3/4

Percentage of slaves that worked in the fields.

Sunday

The day typically reserved for the slaves, providing them a day of rest.

improved

Whites believed they _____ slaves' lives, citing low death rates compared to other slave areas.

Slave codes

Laws that governed the treatment of slaves, deterring runaways and preventing gatherings, literacy, and being out after dark.

Nat Turner

Educated slave who led a revolt, resulting in his capture and execution.

Whigs and Democrats

Both parties openly supported Southern slavery, with Whigs seeking economic ties and Democrats wanting minimal federal interference.

Grimke sisters

prominent abolitionists who supported the anti-slavery movement despite their father's status as a slaveholder.

John Quincy Adams

He fought to end the gag rule that prevented the recognition of anti-slavery petitions.

The Underground Railroad

A secret organization of abolitionists that aided runaway slaves, with stations and conductors helping them escape.

Harriet Tubman

A runaway slave who returned to the South 19 times to help over 300 slaves escape, never losing a passenger.

13th Amendment

Officially abolished slavery and was ratified in 1865.

Unitarianism

belief system that emphasized a compassionate God and reasoned religion

Universalism

movement rejected Calvinist notions and claimed salvation is attainable for all

The Second Great Awakening

A religious revival movement rooted in Protestant Evangelicalism with two phases: urban elites and rural frontier revivals.

Evangelists

Moved along the Appalachian and Ohio frontiers to steer lives away from sin.

Handsome Lake and Tenskwatawa

Prophets who sought to reject adopted American ways and return to traditional practices.

Joseph Smith

Founded the Mormon religion.

Joseph Smith’s death

He ordered the destruction of a printing press opposing his views, was arrested, and then murdered by a mob.

Brigham Young

Succeeded Joseph Smith as the leader of the Mormons

Desert in modern day Utah

Where Brigham Young lead the Mormons to settle.

Transcendentalism

Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau; believed individuals could transcend beyond reason and religion to reach their own spirituality.

The Printing Press

Technological advancement that increased the spread of information in the 19th century.

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Wrote the Scarlet Letter.

Leaves of Grass

The title of Walt Whitman's work that reflects the American spirit.

Horace Mann

Led the public education reform movement.

Horace Mann's education reforms

Tax the wealthy to invest in education, extend school years, improve training and standards, and provide uniform textbooks.

Washingtonians

The movement to stop drinking alcohol.

Women

The role of homemaker, which gave them control over a male-dominated society.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Who were the key figures in the women's rights movement?

The Seneca Fall Convention

A gathering that demanded women's right to vote, full equality, property rights, education, and employment.

Sojourner Truth

An African American woman who escaped slavery and advocated for women's rights and abolition.

Manifest Destiny

The term used to describe the belief that God wanted white Protestants to fill every corner of the continent.

Stephen F. Austin

Oversaw land grants and the settling of Mexican-Texas by Americans.

1835 Texans Convention

A meeting of delegates in San Felipe de Austin that began in November 1835 to discuss Texas's goals in its conflict with Mexico

The Alamo

The battle that saw 200 Texans defend against 3,000 Mexican troops

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, by the United States and Mexico, ending the Mexican-American War; Mexico sold California, New Mexico, and Texas for $15 million and recognized the Rio Grande as the border.

James K. Polk

Elected president in 1844 and was known for aggressive expansion programs.

54-40 or fight

The slogan used by Americans wanting to claim Oregon territory.

Mexican-American War

War caused over disputes over the boundary between Texas and Mexico; Won by America

Wilmot Proviso

A proposal to make all new states added in acquired Mexican Territory free states.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Book by Harriet Beecher Stowe that addresses the horrors of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed by Stephen A. Douglas to organize territories in the West and invalidated the Missouri Compromise.

Bleeding Kansas

A violent conflict over whether Kansas would be a free or slave state.

Dred Scott

Scott petitioned for his freedom but had no right to file a suit because he was not considered a citizen.

Chief Justice Taney

Main argument of ____ in the Dred Scott case: the Negro race was unfit to associate with the white race and had no rights.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Douglas won the election, but Lincoln emerged as a prominent antislavery figure.

John Brown's plan at Harpers Ferry

To attack a federal arsenal and incite a slave rebellion.

Election of 1860

Lincoln won the North while the South was divided, leading to his election.

South Carolina

The first state to succeed from the union.

Lincoln

____ would not attempt to remove slavery from established areas but warned that secession was illegal.

Fort Sumter

The site of the first shots fired in the Civil War after Lincoln attempted to resupply it.

Gadsden Purchase

The purchase of land from Mexico that completed the continental United States.

California Gold Rush

A mass migration to California following the discovery of gold in 1848.

6

What was the average daily wage for miners during the Gold Rush by 1852?

Free-Soil Party

A political party formed to oppose the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Who were the notable figures that emerged during the Mexican-American War?

Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Robert E. Lee.

Election of 1848

Election where Taylor won a narrow victory with no clear popular winner.

the balance of power between free and slave states.

The primary concern of Southern leaders regarding the admission of California as a state was because it threatened

Steven Douglas

Proposed that people could vote for whether they wanted slavery.