Biology I - Unit 4: Circulatory, Urinary, Endocrine, Reproductive, and Developmental Systems

Flashcards reviewing key concepts from lecture notes on the circulatory, urinary, endocrine, reproductive, and developmental systems.

What are the two main functions of the circulatory system?

Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste to and from cells and tissues.

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (cells and platelets, 45%).

What are the main components of plasma?

Water (90%), gases, glucose, hormones, waste, and amino acids (10%).

What are the formed elements of blood?

Platelets (clotting), leukocytes (white blood cells), and erythrocytes (red blood cells).

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What are the functions and characteristics of arteries and arterioles?

Carry blood away from the heart and have a thicker smooth muscle layer.

What is the function of capillaries?

Site of gas exchange between blood and organs/tissues; one cell thick to facilitate diffusion.

What are the functions and characteristics of veins and venules?

Carry blood toward the heart and have a thinner smooth muscle layer; some have valves to prevent backflow.

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart?

Right and left atria (smaller, thinner walls) and right and left ventricles (larger, thicker walls; left is thickest).

Describe the pathway of blood flow around the heart.

Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body

What types of valves exist in the heart?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SV) valves.

Where are the Atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar (SV) valves located?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are between the atria and ventricles, semilunar (SV) valves are between the ventricles and pulmonary artery/aorta.

What is the pacemaker of the heart, and what is its function?

Sinoatrial (SA) node; initiates the heartbeat.

What is gas exchange (respiration)?

The process of moving CO2 and O2 in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.

What are the common features that all respiratory organs share?

Moist surfaces, high surface area, and extensive blood circulation (capillary beds).

What are the different types of vertebrate gas exchange?

Gills, cutaneous respiration, buccopharyngeal respiration, and lungs.

What are the two types of gills?

External gills (uncovered extensions) and internal gills (covered by an operculum).

How is air processed as it enters the mammalian respiratory system?

Mucosa and hairs clean the air, and capillaries warm and moisten it.

Besides kidneys, what other organs are part of the urinary system?

Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

What are the two main regions of the kidney?

Renal cortex and renal medulla.

What are the main components of a nephron?

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

What are the three stages of urine formation in the nephron?

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

What are the goals of Urine Formation?

Remove wastes, save goodies, conserve H2O.

What are the three forms of nitrogenous waste?

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

What is the function of the excretory system?

The removal of metabolic wastes, excess water and ions, and toxins from the body.

What are the three ways water is Gained?

Drink water, obtain free H2O in food, produce metabolic H2O.

What is the function of Metabolic hormones?

Alter enzyme activity.

What are the key components of the Endocrine system?

Pituitary gland & hypothalamus, metabolic hormones, digestive hormones.

What are three major forms of asexual reproduction?

Budding, regeneration/fragmentation, fission

What are the three reproductive modes?

oviparous condition, ovoviviparous, viviparous

What is Gametogenesis?

spermatogenesis sperm, oogenesis egg

What is the function of the Gonads?

testes in males, ovaries in females

What are the components of the female reproductive tract?

Ovary (female gonad of peacocks production of ovum /egg)
hormone secretion-estrogen & progesterone

What what are the phases of the Ovarian Cycles?

Follicular phase(FSH is dominating hormone), Luteal phase (LH is dominating hormone)

What what are the phases of the Uterine cycle?

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase , secretory phase

What are the 5 stages to development?

fertilization, clevage, gastulation, neurulation, organogenesis

What are Germ Layers?

Estoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

What are the two main functions of the circulatory system?

Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, and waste to and from cells and tissues.

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma (55%) and formed elements (cells and platelets, 45%).

What are the main components of plasma?

Water (90%), gases, glucose, hormones, waste, and amino acids (10%).

What are the formed elements of blood?

Platelets (clotting), leukocytes (white blood cells), and erythrocytes (red blood cells).

What are the five types of leukocytes?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What are the functions and characteristics of arteries and arterioles?

Carry blood away from the heart and have a thicker smooth muscle layer.

What is the function of capillaries?

Site of gas exchange between blood and organs/tissues; one cell thick to facilitate diffusion.

What are the functions and characteristics of veins and venules?

Carry blood toward the heart and have a thinner smooth muscle layer; some have valves to prevent backflow.

What are the four chambers of the mammalian heart?

Right and left atria (smaller, thinner walls) and right and left ventricles (larger, thicker walls; left is thickest).

Describe the pathway of blood flow around the heart.

Right atrium -> Right ventricle -> Pulmonary artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary veins -> Left atrium -> Left ventricle -> Aorta -> Body

What types of valves exist in the heart?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar (SV) valves.

Where are the Atrioventricular (AV) and semilunar (SV) valves located?

Atrioventricular (AV) valves are between the atria and ventricles, semilunar (SV) valves are between the ventricles and pulmonary artery/aorta.

What is the pacemaker of the heart, and what is its function?

Sinoatrial (SA) node; initiates the heartbeat.

What is gas exchange (respiration)?

The process of moving CO2 and O2 in opposite directions between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells.

What are the common features that all respiratory organs share?

Moist surfaces, high surface area, and extensive blood circulation (capillary beds).

What are the different types of vertebrate gas exchange?

Gills, cutaneous respiration, buccopharyngeal respiration, and lungs.

What are the two types of gills?

External gills (uncovered extensions) and internal gills (covered by an operculum).

How is air processed as it enters the mammalian respiratory system?

Mucosa and hairs clean the air, and capillaries warm and moisten it.

Besides kidneys, what other organs are part of the urinary system?

Ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

What are the two main regions of the kidney?

Renal cortex and renal medulla.

What are the main components of a nephron?

Renal corpuscle and renal tubule.

What are the three stages of urine formation in the nephron?

Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

What are the goals of Urine Formation?

Remove wastes, save goodies, conserve H2O.

What are the three forms of nitrogenous waste?

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

What is the function of the excretory system?

The removal of metabolic wastes, excess water and ions, and toxins from the body.

What are the three ways water is Gained?

Drink water, obtain free H2O in food, produce metabolic H2O.

What is the function of Metabolic hormones?

Alter enzyme activity.

What are the key components of the Endocrine system?

Pituitary gland & hypothalamus, metabolic hormones, digestive hormones.

What are three major forms of asexual reproduction?

Budding, regeneration/fragmentation, fission

What are the three reproductive modes?

oviparous condition, ovoviviparous, viviparous

What is Gametogenesis?

spermatogenesis sperm, oogenesis egg

What is the function of the Gonads?

testes in males, ovaries in females

What are the components of the female reproductive tract?

Ovary (female gonad of peacocks production of ovum /egg)

hormone secretion-estrogen & progesterone

What what are the phases of the Ovarian Cycles?

Follicular phase(FSH is dominating hormone), Luteal phase (LH is dominating hormone)

What what are the phases of the Uterine cycle?

Menstrual phase, proliferative phase , secretory phase

What are the 5 stages to development?

fertilization, clevage, gastulation, neurulation, organogenesis

What are Germ Layers?

Estoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

What is the relative size of eggs?

relatively large

What is the relative