APES

Ace of Spades Packet

U2- Parts of the Hydrologic Cycle

Evaporation, Transpiration, Runoff, Condensation, Precipitation, Infiltration

U2- Aquifer

Any water baering layer in the ground

U2- Cone of Depression

Lowering of the water table around a plumbing well

U2- Salt Water intrusion

Near the coast, overpumping of groundwater casues saltwater to move into the aquifer

U2- Fecal Coliform/Enterococcus Coli

indicator of sewage contamination. 150 colonies/mL means water is unsafe to drink but safe for swimming

U2- Chlorine

Good disinfectant of water, downside is that it forms trihalomethanes (chloroform). Some strands of bacteria are immune (Cryptosporidium - Milwaukee, Wisconsin)

U2- Percent water on earth by type

97.5% salt, 2.5% fresh

U2- Salinization of soil

In arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind

U2- Ways to conserve water

• Agriculture: drip/trickle irrigation

• Industry: recycling

• Home: use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures

U2- BOD

Biological Oxygen Demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decompsers to break down organic materials

U2- Eutrophication

rapid alagal growth caused of nitrogen and phosphorus

U2- Hypoxia

When aquatic plants die, the BOD rises aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life (Little DO like at the end of the MIssissippi)

U2- Ozone

Expenisve carcingeic way of disinfeting sewage water

U2- Exxon Valdez

Worst oil tanker accident on 1993, prince William Sound

U2- Major Water Diversion Project of Controversy

• Aswan High Dam - Nile River - Snails (schistosomiasis)

• Three Gorges Dam - China, Yangtze River, hydropower, improved flood control, and increased river navigation / displacing over a million people, causing ecological damage (Rotting plant and animal matter producing CH4, Worse than CO2 emissions)

• Colorado River - 4 dams and reservoirs (Supplies water and electricity for about 40 million), Drought & reduced river flow to the Gulf of Cali

• Aral Sea - Former USSR, Desertification, Increased glacial melting in the Himalayas, Hot, dry summers, colder winters, and a shortened growing season

• Lake Chad - African Lake disappearing

• Mono Lake - Los Angeles diverts water from the rivers, causing the lake's water level to drop dramatically, increasing salinity,

• James Bay-

• Kissimmee River - florida?

U2- Major Diseases

• Kwashiorkor

• Marasmus

• Goiter

• Malaria (mosquitoes)

• Lyme Disease (ticks)

• Covid-19

Water-Borne Diseases

• Chlorea

• Giardiasis

• Cryptosporidiosis

U2- Sewage Treatment

Primary-Physical Mechanical process

• Settling

• barscreen

Secondary-Biological process

• Aeriation w/ trickling filter, activated sludge, or RBCs

Tertiary process

• Polishing w/ filtration to remove residual matter, nitrates or even phosphates

Disinfection

• Chlorine

• Ozone

• UV

U2- Flint, MI

A switch in the water source from Lake Huron to the Flint River caused the use of lead pipes and drinking water contamination on 2014

U2- BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Well Collpase

Methab gas explosion in 2010 led to the second worst oil spill in US history in the Gulf of Mexico

U2- Safe Drinking Water Act

Set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health

U2- Clean Water Act

Set maximum permissible amounts of water polluntants that can be discharges into waterways…aim to make surface waters swimmable or fishable 

U2- Ocean Dumping Ban Act

Bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge & industrial waste in the oceans