Part 4 PRC Lua - Hema Terminologies

Chromosome 16

There are two copies of the hemoglobin alpha gene, HBA1 and HBA2, both located on _____________, and each encodes an α-globin chain.

HMP Shunt

This shunt involves the enzyme (G6PD). A deficiency in this pathway impairs the production of NADPH, leading to oxidative damage and denaturation of hemoglobin, which manifests as Heinz bodies in RBCs.

HSCs

This cells possess the capacity for self-renewal through asymmetric cell division

≥20%

The WHO classifies AML when ____of bone marrow cells are

blasts;

≥30%

the FAB requires ___

Diagnostic Flow Cytometry

The gold standard for diagnosing PNH

Common pathway

Both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways converge into the __________, culminating in the conversion of prothrombin to

thrombin.

37°C

Prothrombin Time (PT) is performed at

Hemolysis

The sucrose hemolysis test (also called the sugar water test) is a screening test for (PNH); a positive result is indicated by

Karyotyping

The process of arranging and analyzing an individual's chromosomes, providing a genome-wide overview for detecting chromosomal abnormalities

Sphingomyelin

Niemann-Pick disease primarily affects mononuclear and phagocytic cells, due to the accumulation of

Ham test (acidified serum lysis test)

A definitive diagnostic test for PNH, where red blood cells lyse in acidified serum but remain intact in heat-inactivated serum

56°C for 20 minutes

complement is inactivated at

11.5% - 14.5%

Normal value of RDW in adults

vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, macrocytic anemia, or chronic liver disease.

A high RDW with high MCV is suggestive of:

iron deficiency anemia or other forms of microcytic anemia

A high RDW with low MCV typically indicates

Phloxine

A stain used to identify white blood cells (WBCs)

New methylene blue (NMB) and Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB)

used to stain reticulocytes

Acute leukemia

characterized by a short clinical course and a high number of

immature leukocyte forms in the peripheral blood

Sigmoidal oxygen dissociation curve

Hemoglobin exhibits cooperative binding, showing low affinity for oxygen at low oxygen tension and high affinity at high tension, resulting in a _________

Protein S

_________ may exert anticoagulant effects independent of activated protein C by directly inhibiting factor VIIIa in the tenase complex and factors Va and Xa in the prothrombinase complex.

Deletion

A chromosome breaks and genetic material is lost.

Duplication

A segment of a chromosome is abnormally copied.

Translocation

A broken chromosome segment attaches to a different

chromosome.

EDTA-induced pseudothrombocytopenia

Platelets clump and adhere to WBCs, falsely lowering platelet

count.

Schistocyte (Schizocyte)

Fragmented RBCs caused by rupture in the peripheral circulation.

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL, M3 subtype)

•Subtype of AML characterized by malignant promyelocytes

•Responds to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)

t(15;17)(q22;q11)

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL, M3 subtype) is associated with _________translocation

EMP

Produces ATP through glycolysis.

Rapoport-Leubering Pathway

Produces 2,3-DPG to regulate oxygen delivery to tissues.

HMP

Produces NADPH to reduce glutathione and protect against oxidative damage

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

Reduces methemoglobin back to hemoglobin, preventing iron oxidation.

Immunophenotyping

Most common flow cytometry application; used to identify cell surface markers.

Alkaline Hemoglobin Electrophoresis

Separates hemoglobin variants (e.g., HbA, HbS, HbC) based on charge at alkaline pH.

Myoglobin

Shows a hyperbolic oxygen dissociation curve, releasing oxygen only at very low pO₂.

RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width) Formula

Right

Macrocytic red cells appear to the ____ of the normal peak in a histogram.

ANA Test

Screening test for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).

Alkali Denaturation Test

Differentiates fetal hemoglobin (HbF) from adult hemoglobin (HbA) in newborn stool/vomit or vaginal blood.

PT Test

Performed after suspected coumarin (rat poison) ingestion to evaluate coagulation function.

Photo-Optical Clot Detection

Measures changes in light transmission over time to assess coagulation stages or factor activity.

Icteric Samples

High bilirubin may cause interference/flagging in automated photo-optical coagulation assays.

stress platelets

Other term for reticulated platelets

VII

Coagulation factor that is known as preconvertin

No bleeding

A unique feature of factor XII deficiency

VWD

Most common inherited bleeding disorder

hemoglobinization

As RBCs mature diameter decreases, nucleoli disappear, chromatin becomes coarse, nucleus shrinks, N:C ratio reduces, and cytoplasm changes from blue to pink due to __________.

Bite cells (Degmacytes)

Seen in G6PD deficiency. Result from macrophage removal of Heinz bodies (denatured hemoglobin), visualized with supravital stains.

Hereditary Spherocytosis

Leads to reduced deformability, premature RBC destruction, and spherocyte formation.

membrane proteins (e.g., spectrin, ankyrin).

Hereditary Spherocytosis is caused by mutations in genes encoding __________

Stomatocytosis (Overhydrated type)

•Caused by increased membrane permeability to Na⁺ and K⁺. •Results in intracellular Na⁺ accumulation, water influx, cell swelling, and low cytoplasmic viscosity.

lowers

Excessive anticoagulant use (e.g., EDTA overfilling) falsely _____ hematocrit due to cell shrinkage.

Anisocytosis

Variation in size of RBCs.

Poikilocytosis

Variation in shape of RBCs.

Schistocytes and Microspherocytes

Seen in Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, traumatic cardiac hemolysis, extensive burns.

Micropspherocytes

Hallmark of ABO incompatibility in HDN.

Acanthocytes

Associated with abetalipoproteinemia (Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome).

Abetalipoproteinemia

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome

Echinocyte

Seen in Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (ATP depletion, ↑ 2,3-BPG).

WAS

Characterized by smallest platelets.

Clot Retraction Test

Reflects platelet quantity and function

Bleeding Time

Assesses platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of vascular injury.

K₃ EDTA

Not used for routine coagulation tests (affects calcium-dependent assays).

Within ±2 SD

Acceptable range for quality control values

Coulter Principle

Counts and sizes cells via electrical impedance as they pass through an aperture.

Mechanical Endpoint Detection (Coagulation)

Rotating ball is displaced when fibrin forms

Photo-optical Coagulation Detection

Uses light transmission change to detect clot formation.

EPO

Used to treat anemia in chronic kidney disease.

IL-12

Potent immunoregulatory cytokine, useful as adjuvant in infectious disease therapy.

Cyanmethemoglobin Method

Classic method for hemoglobin measurement.

Ferritin Aggregates

Form in cells if globin synthesis is insufficient, leading to iron accumulation.

Splenic Platelet Sequestration

~1/3 of platelets are transiently sequestered

Retic count

1:1 ratio, typically 2–3 drops each or 50 µL each of blood and stain.

Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency

Autosomal recessive; causes ATP depletion, ↑2,3-BPG, many echinocytes.

Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

Gives rise to T lymphocytes, pre-T/pre-B cells, dendritic cells, NK cells.

Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)

Produces granulocyte-monocyte, basophil-eosinophil, megakaryocyte-erythrocyte, mast cells, all WBCs except lymphocytes, erythrocytes.

3-Part Differential Analyzer

Measures small (lymphocytes), medium (monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), large (neutrophils) WBC groups.

Aspirin

A common drug causing acquired platelet dysfunction

Megakaryocyte Differentiation

Undergoes endomitosis to produce platelets.

Sodium Metabisulfite

Traditional screening for sickle cell disease.

Apoptosis

Active, programmed, non-inflammatory. Cell death

Necrosis

Passive, accidental, inflammatory. Tissue death

Biconcave, 7–8 µm diameter, 2.5 µm thick.

Normal RBCs

Shows schistocytes, helmet cells, burr cells.

HUS Smear

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

Giant platelets (largest seen), known as Giant Platelet Syndrome.

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, schistocytes.

Hgb C/SC Disease

RBCs with folded membranes.

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

GPI Anchor Deficiency (CD55/CD59); caused by PIGA mutation.

PNH

↑Retics, normal/increased MCV, ±nucleated RBCs, complement-mediated night hemolysis.

Hemoglobin

Major source of functional body iron.

Azurophilic Granules

Reddish-purple in Wright stain; formed in promyelocyte stage; last released.

Prorubricyte

12–17 µm diameter, N:C 4:1–6:1, basophilic cytoplasm, ±nucleoli

Acanthocyte (Spurr)

Spherocyte

Sickle Cell (Drepanocyte)

Elliptocyte

Bite cells (Degmacytes)

Stomatocyte (Mouth cell)

Target cell (Codocyte)

Echinocyte (Burr)