Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry – Fundamentals of Matter

Question-and-answer flashcards covering states of matter, density, anomalous expansion of water, plasma, phase changes, thermochemistry, classifications of matter, mixtures, physical and chemical properties, extensive versus intensive properties, concentration, changes in matter, chemical-change indicators, and Latin element names with symbols.

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

What is the definition of matter in chemistry?

By how far the particles are from each other.

How is state determined?

Particle kinetic energy (which keeps particles apart and moving) and intermolecular attractive forces (which draw particles together).

Which two opposing factors primarily determine the state of matter?

Particles are packed very closely and only vibrate with VERY low kinetic energy.

Describe the particle arrangement and motion in a solid.

Particles are close together and they are gliding, with low kinetic energy.

Describe the particle arrangement and motion in a liquid.

Particles are far from each other and they move in random motion due to high average kinetic energy.

Describe the particle arrangement and motion in a gas.

Definite shape and volume.

What shape and volume does solid have?

Indefinite shape and volume.

What shape and volume does gas have?

It has a definite volume but assumes the shape of its container.

What shape and volume characteristics does a liquid exhibit?

Gas.

Which state of matter has negligible intermolecular interactions and indefinite shape and volume?

Density is mass per unit volume; d = m ⁄ V.

Define density and give its formula.

Density

Measured by how much “stuff” (mass) is packed into a given amount of space (volume).

Hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into an open hexagonal lattice, making ice less dense (anomalous expansion).

Why does ice occupy more volume than liquid water?

A gaseous mixture of positive ions and free electrons, considered the fourth state of matter and the most common phase in the universe.

What is plasma?

No; only its physical state changes.

During a phase change, does the chemical identity of a substance change?

Temperature and Pressure

What variables are a trigger to phase change?

It will become solid.

More pressure and low temperature results to?

It will turn to gas.

High temperature and less pressure results to?

Matter

Can be interconverted from one phase to another.

Changes that absorb heat energy from the surroundings.

What are endothermic processes?

They release heat energy to the surroundings.

How do exothermic processes differ from endothermic ones?

Recombination

Plasma to Gas?

Freezing

Liquid to solid?

Deposition

Gas to solid?

Condensation

Gas to liquid?

Melting

Solid to Liquid?

Ionization

Gas to plasma?

Sublimation

Solid to Gas?

Vaporization

Liquid to gas?

Matter with a definite (constant) composition and distinct properties.

How do chemists define a pure substance?

Pure substance

Form of matter which has definite (constant)composition and distinct properties. (example: water, oxygen, gold)

Elements and Compounds

What are the types of pure substance?

A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

What is an element?

118.

How many elements are listed in the modern periodic table?

Only the first letter is capitalized.

What rule is followed when writing chemical symbols for elements?

A substance formed when atoms of different elements unite in fixed proportions and can only be separated chemically.

What is a compound?

Positive

Anode is?

Negative

Cathode is?

A combination of two or more substances in which each retains its own identity.

Give the definition of a mixture.

Homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures.

What are the types of mixtures?

Homogeneous mixtures have uniform composition throughout; heterogeneous mixtures have visibly separate components.

Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Saline solution (salt dissolved in water).

Provide an example of a homogeneous mixture.

A mixture of sand and iron filings.

Provide an example of a heterogeneous mixture.

Physical means.

Any mixture can be created and separated through ______________ into pure components without changing the identities of the components.

Properties of matter

An observable variables concerning matter.

Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition (e.g., mass, color, melting point).

What are physical properties of matter?

Characteristics that describe a substance’s ability to undergo a change that transforms it into a different substance (e.g., flammability).

Define chemical properties.

Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter present; intensive properties do not.

What distinguishes extensive properties from intensive properties?

Intensive properties.

Does not depend on how much matter is being considered.

Boiling point, melting point, and density (concentration is also intensive).

List three intensive properties of matter.

The ratio of the solute to solvent (solution) and remains constant regardless of the total amount of the solution.

What is concentration?

A change that does not alter chemical composition, such as freezing water.

Describe a physical change and give an example.

A change that produces new substances and involves breaking or forming chemical bonds (e.g., rusting iron).

What defines a chemical change?

Temperature change, color change, and gas formation (odor development and precipitate formation are others).

Name three common indicators of a chemical change.

Yellow lead(II) iodide precipitate.

What solid precipitate forms instantly when aqueous lead(II) nitrate is mixed with potassium iodide?

Reaction of acetic acid (vinegar) with baking soda, producing carbon dioxide bubbles.

Which household reaction demonstrates gas formation as an indicator of chemical change?

Aurum, Au.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for gold?

Ferrum, Fe.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for iron?

Hydrargyrum, Hg.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for mercury?

Cuprum, Cu.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for copper?

Argentum, Ag.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for silver?

Wolfram, W.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for tungsten?

Stannum, Sn.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for tin?

Natrium, Na.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for sodium?

Stibium, Sb.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for antimony?

Plumbum, Pb.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for lead?

Kalium, K.

What is the Latin name and chemical symbol for potassium?

They are physical properties.

Are luster, ductility, and malleability physical or chemical properties?

Chemical property.

Is corrosiveness classified as a physical or chemical property?

Chemical property.

Is acidity (pH) considered a physical or chemical property?