programing definitions

chapter 1-18

What is a rectangular block (typically with top and bottom notches) that performs some task?

function

What is the image associated with an object?

costume

In Scratch, what is an object that can appear on the stage?

sprite

In Scratch, what is a stack of blocks?

script

What is the category for the ask (__) and wait block?

sensing

While it is possible to make one type of loop handle any situation, certain types of loops are typically used for certain situations. What type of loop would be most appropriate for "Print ten rows"?

repeat

What block is used to concatenate two values and get a single string?

join

Which of the following (one or more) may appear at the beginning of a script

Looks/Events/Sound/Motion

hich of the following (one or more) may appear anywhere in a script?

Motion/Looks/Sound

What is the category for the if-then and if-then-else blocks?

control

A function that is run in response to an event is an event _____.

handler

An value that is either true/yes or false/no is what type (one word)?

boolean

What is the category for the say (___) block?

looks

What is the name of the block that converts a decimal number to an integer?

round

What is the category for the forever, repeat, and repeat-until blocks?

control

By creating our own blocks (functions), we can give a name to a set of statements (blocks). This name can describe at a "higher" level what is intended (like "inflate" or "deflate" for the balloon), rather than the low-level details of how something is done. What is this principle called?

abstraction

A _____ variable is visible to all sprites.

global

In Scratch, a sprite can make an announcement or send a message. What is the name of the block that does this?

broadcast

In software, a function will always be deterministic.

false

In computer programming, a function always returns a value.

false

A _____ variable is visible to only one sprite.

local

In software, a function can have side effects (that is, change the state of the world).

ture

In mathematics, a function always returns a value.

ture

What is the name given to a container for (or reference to) a value that can be used later in a program?

variable

An operator, such as '+' is simply syntactic sugar for a function.

true

In mathematics, a function can have side effects (that is, change the state of the world).

false

In mathematics, a function will always be deterministic.

true

An if-then block allows a script to ______ code if a boolean expression evaluates to false.

skip

Write an expression that converts the value 6 to a(n) str.

str(6)

a category of values such as int float or str

type

a named sequence of statements that can be called to perform some useful operation

function

a type that represents numbers with fractional parts

floating point

an operator // that divides two numbers and rounds down to an integer

integer division

a combination of variables values and operators

expression

A symbol, like + and *, that denotes an arithmetic operation like addition or multiplication.

arithmetic operator

A type that represents sequences of characters.

string

Any of the languages that people speak that evolved naturally.

natural language

Any of the languages that people have designed for specific purposes, such as representing mathematical ideas or computer programs.

formal language

An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse—and therefore impossible to run.

syntax error

Joining two strings end-to-end.

concatenation

The process of finding and correcting errors

debugging

An integer, floating-point number, or string—or one of other kinds of values we will see later.

value

A defect in a program.

bug

A type that represents whole numbers and their negative counterparts.

integer

An expression—or part of an expression—that executes a function

function call

One of the values on which an operator operates

operand

What type of error is the following?

days = hours * 24

semantic error

What type of error is the following?

x = 3 / 0

runtime error

What type of error is the following?

my-var = 42

syntax error

A value provided to a function when the function is called.

argument

A statement that assigns a value to a variable.

assignment

A reserved word used to specify a part of the command structure of a program.

keyword

A(n) _______ error causes a program to display an error message and exit.

runtime

A graphical representation of a set of variables and the values they refer to.

state diagram

Perform the operations in an expression in order to compute a value.

evaluate

A(n) _______ error causes a program to do the wrong thing, but not to display an error message.

semantic

Run a statement and do what it says.

execute

A name that refers to a value

variable

The operator used to access a function or variable in another module

dot operator

Text included in a program that provides information about the program but has no effect on its execution.

comment

A file that contains Python code, including function definitions and sometimes other statements

module

One or more lines of code that represent a command or action.

statement

Another word for a runtime error.

exception

A statement that reads a module file so we can use the variables and functions it contains.

import

Which of the following are valid variable names?

myAge/average/student

A function ___________ or signature is the first line of code of the function.

header

Function Characteristics

Check all statements that are true.

If each function is only called once, using functions will actually increase the total number of lines of code./Using functions will typically increase the overall readability of code.

In Python, __________ help to perform problem decomposition and abstraction in our programs.

functions

Functions reduce _____________, making it easier to test and fix our code since a change needs to be made in only one place.

duplication

Problem decomposition involves breaking a large problem into __________ tasks.

smaller

The ____ keyword is used to tell Python that what follows is a function definition.

def

A statement that runs one or more statements, often repeatedly.

loop

An argument that includes the name of the parameter

keyword argument

A statement that creates a function.

function definition

The process of transforming a sequence of statements into a function definition

encapsulation

A string enclosed in triple quotes that can span more than one line of a program.

multiline string

A window used to display graphical elements including lines, circles, rectangles, and other shapes.

canvas

A process for writing programs

development plan

A name used inside a function to refer to the value passed as an argument

parameter

The first line of a function definition.

header

A requirement that should be satisfied by the caller before a function starts

precondition

A process for designing the interface of a function, which includes the parameters it should take.

interface design

The process of replacing something unnecessarily specific (like a number) with something appropriately general (like a variable or parameter).

generalization

A string that appears at the top of a function definition to document the function's interface.

docstring

The sequence of statements inside a function definition.

body

A variable defined inside a function, and which can only be accessed inside the function

local variable

The process of modifying a working program to improve function interfaces and other qualities of the code.

refactoring

A requirement that should be satisfied by the function before it ends

postcondition

A value created by a function definition

function object

We get a function to do its work by calling it with values (also called ___________) that are assigned to its parameters.

arguments

·         One or more statements indented to indicate they are part of another statement.

Block

·         An expression whose value is either True or False

Boolean expression

·         One of the alternative sequences of statements in a conditional statement.

branch

·         A conditional statement with a series of alternative branches.

chain conditional

The boolean expression in a conditional statement that determines which branch runs

condition

A statement that controls the flow of execution depending on some condition.

conditional statement

·         One of the operators that combines boolean expressions, including and, or, and not.

logical operator

·         An operator, %, that works on integers and returns the remainder when one number is divided by another

modulus operator

·         One of the operators that compares its operands: ==, !=, >, <, >=, and <=.

relational operator