BIOL 1406 - Exam 3

How many steps are there in photosynthesis?

3

What is the primary function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

They convert solar energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).

Rubisco

An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle.

G3P

A three-carbon sugar produced during the Calvin cycle.

PEP carboxylase

An enzyme used in C4 plants to fix carbon.

Stomata

Small openings on a plant's surface that allow gas exchange.

During photosynthesis, oxygen is a by-product released when water is split. (True/False)

True

Photosystem I

Excited electrons are passed to reduce NADP+ to NADPH.

Cyclic electron flow

Produces ATP without producing NADPH.

Calvin cycle

Uses CO2 and incorporates it into organic molecules.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of carbon fixation

Rubisco

Prophase

Nuclear envelopes reform around separated chromosomes.

Metaphase

Chromosomes are aligned

Anaphase

Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

Telophase

Chromosomes condense and nuclear envelope disintegrates.

Mitosis

A type of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing gametes.

What is the end result of meiosis?

Four genetically diverse gametes

Meiosis results in two genetically identical cells. (True/False)

False

Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material.

Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up along the equatorial plane.

Anaphase I

Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles.

Telophase II

Nuclear membranes reform around four unique daughter cells.

Mitosis results in four genetically identical daughter cells. (True/False)

False

Dominant allele

P

Recessive allele

p

Homozygous dominant

PP

Homozygous recessive

pp

Which type of dominance results in offspring with a phenotype that is a blend of the parental traits?

Incomplete dominance

Alleles are different versions of a gene that can produce variations in traits.(True/False)

True

In a dihybrid cross, what ratio is expected for the phenotypes?

9:3:3:1

P generation

Pure‑breeding parental generation

F1 generation

First generation of offspring

F2 generation

Offspring resulting from self‑crossing F1 individuals

Punnett square

Diagram used to predict genotypes of offspring

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation from a monohybrid cross?

3:1

Rosalind Franklin

Provided X-ray crystallography data that helped determine DNA structure.

Watson and Crick

First to propose the double helix structure of DNA.

F. Griffith

Conducted experiments that suggested DNA as the hereditary material.

A. Hershey and M. Chase

Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material in phages.

Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?

Thymine

DNA strands can be synthesized in any direction without affecting the replication process. (True/False)

False

What does the term 'semi-conservative' mean in the context of DNA replication?

Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand

Which of the following correctly describes the direction of DNA synthesis?

DNA is synthesized in the 5'-to-3' direction

Okazaki fragments are found on the leading strand during DNA replication. (True/False)

False

Leading strand

Synthesized continuously

Lagging strand

Synthesized in fragments

Okazaki fragments

Short segments on the lagging strand

Antiparallel strands

Opposite orientation of the two strands

Griffith's experiment

Established base pairing rules

Hershey-Chase experiment

Determined DNA as hereditary material

Chargaff's rules

Demonstrated transformation in bacteria

Franklin's X-ray diffraction

Revealed helical structure of DNA

The process of DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix before synthesis occurs. (True/False)

True