Blood supply to the body regions

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Arteries

Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart.

What are the two arterial systems called?

• Systemic system

• Pulmonary system

Is blood in arteries oxygen rich or oxygen poor?

In the systemic system it is oxygen rich, while blood in the pulmonary system is oxygen poor.

What are the different sections of the aorta called?

• Ascending aorta

• Arch of aorta

• Descending/thoracic aorta

• Abdominal aorta

Label the different sections of the aorta

1. Ascending aorta

2. Arch of aorta

3. Descending thoracic aorta

4. Descending abdominal aorta

What are the first branches that come from the ascending aorta?

Left and right coronary arteries.

Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?

The left and right aortic sinuses of the ascending aorta, respectively.

What are the branches that come off the arch of aorta?

• Left subclavian artery

• Left common carotid artery

• Brachiocephalic trunk

What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch off into?

The right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery.

What do the subclavian arteries supply?

The upper limbs.

What do the common carotid arteries supply?

The head and neck

Label this diagram of the main branches of the aorta.

1. Right common carotid a.

2. Right subclavian a.

3. Brachiocephalic trunk

4. Left subclavian a.

5. Left common carotid a.

6. Left and right coronary a.

7. Coeliac trunk

8. Superior mesenteric artery

9. Left and right renal a.

10. Left and right gonadal a.

11. Inferior mesenteric artery

12. Left and right common iliac a.

Where does the supreme intercostal artery arise from?

The subclavian artery.

Where does the descending thoracic aorta lie in relation to the root of L lung, pericardium and oesophagus?

Posterior.

What are the branches of the descending thoracic aorta?

• Oesophageal arteries

• Bronchial arteries

• 9 pairs of posterior intercostal arteries

• Subcostal arteries

• Superior phrenic arteries

• Pericardial and mediastinal arteries

Label this diagram of the blood vessels in the thoracic cavity.

1. Right bronchial a.

2. Left bronchial a.

3. Supreme intercostal a.

4. Posterior intercostal a.

5. Oesophageal a.

6. Mediastinal a.

Label this diagram of the branches of the descending thoracic aorta

1. Bronchial a.

2. Mediastinal a.

3. Oesophageal a.

4. Posterior intercostal a.

5. Pericardial a.

6. Superior phrenic a.

7. Subcostal a.

Where is the first posterior intercostal artery found?

The third intercostal space.

Where do the subcostal arteries arise from?

The descending thoracic aorta, beneath rib 12.

Where do the superior phrenic arteries arise from?

On both sides of the descending thoracic aorta just before it passes through the aortic hiatus.

Where do the internal thoracic arteries arise from?

The subclavian arteries.

What is the name of the artery labelled in green on this diagram?

The internal thoracic arteries.

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries arise from?

The internal thoracic arteries.

When do the internal thoracic arteries terminate?

The 6th intercostal space.

What do the internal thoracic arteries give rise to?

The superior epigastric a. and the musculophrenic a.

Label these blood vessels.

1. Costo-cervical trunk

2. Right subclavian a.

3. Left subclavian a.

4. Internal thoracic a.

5. Posterior intercostal a.

6. Anterior intercostal a.

7. Musculophrenic a.

8. Superior epigastric a.

When does the descending thoracic aorta become the descending abdominal aorta?

When it passes through the aortic hiatus at T12.

Name the branches of the abdominal aorta

• Inferior phrenic a.

• Coeliac trunk (3 branches)

• Superior mesenteric a.

• Inferior mesenteric.

• Gonadal a.

• Renal a.

• Lumbar a.

• Common iliac a.

At what level do the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery branch off of the abdominal aorta?

L1

At what level does the renal artery branch off of the abdominal aorta?

L2

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the common iliac arteries?

L4

At what point do the common iliac veins join together to form the inferior vena cava?

L5

At what level does the inferior mesenteric artery branch off of the abdominal aorta?

L3

Transpyloric plane

Imaginary horizontal plane that roughly corresponds to the L1 level.

Subcostal plane

Horizontal plane that lies at the base of the ribcage (10th costal margin) and corresponds roughly to the L3 level.

Supracristal plane

A horizontal plane that lies across the body at the highest point of the iliac crests, roughly corresponding to the L4 level.

Intertubercular plane

A horizontal plane that passes through the tubercles of the iliac crests, roughly corresponding to the L5 level.

Label this diagram showing the branches of the abdominal aorta

1. Inferior phrenic arteries

2. Coeliac trunk

3. Left renal artery

4. Superior mesenteric artery

5. Gonadal arteries (testicular or ovarian)

6. Lumbar arteries

7. Inferior mesenteric artery

8. Common iliac artery

How many lumbar arteries are there?

Typically 4

What does the coeliac trunk supply?

The foregut

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

The midgut.

What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

The hindgut.

Wjat are the main arteries that supply the GI tract?

• Coeliac trunk

• Superior mesenteric a.

• Inferior mesenteric a.

What makes up the foregut?

It extends from the abdominal oesophagus to the first part of the duodenum, and therefore includes the:

• Abdominal oesophagus

• Stomach

• 1st part of the duodenum

• Spleen

• Pancreas

• Liver

• Gallbladder

What makes up the midgut?

It extends from the distal duodenum to the first half of the transverse colon and therefore includes the:

• Distal duodenum

• Jejunum

• Ileum

• Caecum

• Ascending colon

• 1st half of transverse colon

What makes up the hindgut?

It extends from the distal half of the transverse colon to the superior portion of the rectum, and therefore includes the:

• distal half of the transverse colon

• Descending colon

• Sigmoid colon

• Superior portion of the rectum

What supplies the adrenal glands?

The superior suprarenal arteries.

Where do the superior suprarenal arteries branch off of the aorta?

Just above the coeliac trunk.

What is special about the blood supply to the left kidney?

There are two arteries supplying it: the left renal artery and the accessory renal artery. The right kidney only has the right renal artery supplying it. The venous drainage also only has one main vein draining each one (though they vary in length).

What does the common iliac artery branch into?

The external and internal iliac arteries.

What does the internal iliac artery branch into?

An anterior and a posterior division.

What is the major artery of the pelvis?

The internal iliac artery.

What vein drains the pelvis?

The internal iliac vein, which has an anterior and posterior division. It mirrors the internal iliac artery.

Veins

Blood vessels that transport blood towards the heart.

What are the two types of vein systems?

• Systemic

• Portal

What are the structural features of veins?

• Thin walled

• Large diameter compared to arteries

• Valves to prevent backflow

Venae comitantes

Typically a pair of veins that accompany an artery.

Portal venous system

A venous system that occurs when blood from a capillary bed returns to veins and then enters another capillary bed before going back to the heart.

Systemic venous system

Veins that return blood to the heart. It often mirrors the arterial supply.

What are the names of the veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart?

• Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

• Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

• Coronary sinus

Label this diagram

1. Left jugular vein

2. Left subclavian vein

3. Left brachiocephalic vein

4. Coronary sinus

5. Right jugular vein

6. Right subclavian vein

7. Right brachiocephalic vein

8. Superior Vena Cava

9. Inferior Vena Cava

What veins drain into the brachiocephalic veins?

The jugular and subclavian join to form the vein.

What parts of the body do the brachiocephalic veins drain?

• Head

• Neck

• Upper limbs

What veins join together to form the IVC?

R and L brachiocephalic veins.

What parts of the body are drained by the azygos system?

• The back

• Thoracic viscera

• Thoracoabdominal walls