Module 3. Cell Modifications and Cell Checkpoints

________ is the process by which gametes are generated for reproduction.

Meiosis

________ (S Phase) must precede mitosis so that all daughter cells receive the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell.

DNA replication

________ is the process by which new cells are generated.

Mitosis

________ also can act as bridges between integrins and other ECM proteins such as collagen.

Fibronectin

In the ________, collagen fibers are interwoven with a class of carbohydrate- bearing proteoglycans, which may be attached to a long polysaccharide backbone.

extracellular matrix

________- a protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them.

Kinase

________ are used for motility and ingestion.

Pseudopods

________ (ECM)- A compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface.

Extra Cellular Matrix

The primary function of a flagellum is that of locomotion, but it also often functions as a(n) ________, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell.

sensory organelle

________- They are transmembrane proteins fused on outer plasma membrane.

Tight Junctions

________ are key connector proteins which are embedded in the plasma membrane.

Integrins

________ and microvilli- ________ are finger- like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs.

Villi

________ are smaller projections than villi which functions primarily on the efficient absorption of molecules.

Microvilli

The ________ phases separate mitosis from S phase.

gap

The ________ ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells.

G1 checkpoint

________ are long, whiplike structure that are formed by microtubules protruding from the cell body of bacteria and some eukaryotic cells.

Flagella

The ________ is directly connected to the cells it surrounds.

ECM

________ are like desmosomes in terms of function, however, they attach the epithelial cell to the basement membrane rather than the adjacent cell.

Hemidesmosomes

They act as barriers that regulate the ________ and solutes between epithelial layers.

movement of water

________- a critical control point in the cell cycle where "stop "and "go ahead "signals can regulate the cell cycle.

Checkpoint

________- These allow for strong attachment between cells or to a basement membrane.

Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes

________ and flagella- ________ are projections, usually short, hairlike structures and a type of organelle seen on the apical surface of epithelial cells.

Cilia

The ________- ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore.

Metaphase Checkpoint

________ accumulate during the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle.

Cyclins

The ________- ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed.

G2 Checkpoint

________ into fibers called microfibrils.

Cellulose assembles

________ attach to the microfilaments of cytoskeleton made up of keratin protein.

Desmosomes

In ________, the major component of extracellular matrix is the protein collagen.

animal cells

________- Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell.

Lateral Modifications

This is the time when ________ mediate the switch in cellular activity.

molecular signals

________- It is also known as communicating junctions.

Gap Junctions

________ plays a key role in giving tissues strength and structural integrity.

Collagen

Unregulated ________ can lead to cancer.

cell division

________- Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells.

Pseudopods

________ give the go- ahead signals at the G1 and G2 checkpoints.

Kinases

________ involves the separation of copied chromosomes into separate cells.

Mitosis

If a cell receives a go- ahead signal at the ________, it will usually continue with the cell cycle.

G1 checkpoint

Cell modification found on the apical surface of the cell

Apical Modification

Cilia are projections, usually short, hairlike structures and a type of organelle seen on the apical surface of epithelial cells

Cilia and flagella

Villi are finger-like projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs

Villi and microvilli

Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells

Pseudopods

A compound secreted by the cell on its apical surface

Extra Cellular Matrix (ECM)

bearing proteoglycans, which ma be attached to a long polysaccharide backbone

In the extracellular matrix, collagen fibers are interwoven with a class of carbohydrate

Cell modifications found on the basal surface of the cell basement membrane

Basal Modification

These allow for strong attachment between cells or to a basement membrane

Desmosomes/Hemidesmosomes

Cell modification found on the basal surface of the cell

Lateral Modifications

They are transmembrane proteins fused on outer plasma membrane

Tight Junctions

Protein complexes that occur in cell-to-cell junctions in epithelial and endothelial tissues, usually more basal than tight junctions

Adherens Junctions

It is also known as communicating junctions

Gap Junctions

a critical control point in the cell cycle where "stop" and "go ahead" signals can regulate the cell cycle

Checkpoint

the Restriction Point

The G1 Checkpoint

ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed

The G2 Checkpoint

ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore

The Metaphase Checkpoint

a protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them

Kinase