IB Biology Topic 2

carbohydrates

provides energy for cell processes, allows storage for energy (although in quick and short releases, unlike lipids), ex: monosaccharides, disaccharides, poly, glucose, etc. C,H,O

lipids

used to store energy: fat in humans (saturated, solid at room temp), oils in plants (unsaturated fats, liquid at room temp), C,H,O

proteins

essential for cell processes, C,H,O,N

nucleic acids

like DNA or RNA. smallest protein\=amino acids, (20 unique and naturally occurring ones) C,H,O,N,P

1 amino acid+ 1 amino acid\=

dipeptide

nucleotides

5 base sugar carbon, phosphate base, nitrogen base

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living thing, catalyzed reactions, how fast it takes to grow things like hair, nails, etc

catabolism

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules including the hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers (ie digestion of food, respiration)

anabolism

synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules, including the formation of macromolecules from monomers by condensation reactions (ie photosynthesis, protein synthesis)

carboxyl group?

c \= O, - O,H

hydrocarbon chain

dipeptide

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids\=

1 triglycerol

3 fatty acid chains and 1 glyceride

triglyceride

glucose + glucose \=

maltose is made up of

glucose +fructose

sucrose is made up of

glucose + galactose

lactose is made up of

polysaccharides consist of which monosaccharides linked together?

starch, chitin, glycogen, cellulose

which end of water molecule contains positive charge?

hydrogen side

which are the most frequently occurring chemicals in living things?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

list three examples of a monosaccharide

glucose, galactose, fructose are examples of

list three examples of a disaccharide

maltose, lactose, sucrose are examples of

list three examples of a polysaccharide

starch, cellulose, glycogen are examples of

which carbohydrate in animals functions to store energy till needed by its metabolism?

glycogen

triglyceride?

3 fatty acids, one glycerol

state three parts of a nucleotide

sugar deoxyribose, a base (ATCG), phosphate group

nitrogen bases of DNA molecule?

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

define ENZYME

proteins which act as biological catalysts of chemical reactions, speed up metabolic reactions, do not become part of end product

where is the active site?

on the enzyme

three factors that can alter an enzyme's activity

temperature, pH levels, substrate concentration

if a protein becomes denatured, what has happened to it?

their bonds have broken due to high heat, enzyme shape and overall structure is disrupted and no longer the same

three components of RNA molecule?

phosphate group, nitrogen base, 5 carbon sugar

what elements are in fatty acids AND glycerol?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what chemical substance is formed when the H+ and OH- ends are joined?

water

what elements are present in amino acids?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

how do the structural formulas for all the amino acids differ?

the variable groups (usually depicted as R) determine the specific type of amino acid

describe the difference between an amino acid molecule and protein molecule

amino acids make up proteins, therefore a protein is a chain of multiple amino acids. the type of protein depends on the variable group of the amino acids

define metabolism

web of all enzyme catalyzed reactions in a cell or organism, sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living thing

define anabolism w examples

synthesis of complex molecules by condensation reactions: protein synthesis, photosynthesis, DNA synthesis

define catabolism w examples

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules: digestion of food, cell respiration, digestion by decomposers

why is water a stable habitat for aquatic life?

it has a high heat capacity, its temperature remains relatively constant

hydrophobic v. hydrophillic

insoluble in water vs. soluble in water

many monosaccharides linked together \=?

polysaccharides, linked together by condensation reactions

what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

glucose, fructose, and galactose

what is it called when water is lost?

condensation/dehydration

if triglycerides are solid at room temp...

they come from animals, saturated fatty acid chains, ex butter n lard

if triglycerides are liquid at room temp..

they come from plants, unsaturated fatty acid chains, ex olive oil, corn oil

fatty acids have what?

hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group

cis unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogen atoms are nearly always on the same side of the two carbon atoms that are double bonded, low melting point, oils/liquids

trans unsaturated fatty acid

hydrogen atoms are on alternate sides or opposite from each other, produced artificially

what are amino acids linked together by?

condensation to form polypeptides

what is the peptide bond?

c-n

how can a polypeptide differ from another?

three things: SIZE (how many AA), sequence, type

give examples of named proteins

actin, myosin, fibrin, hemoglobin, insulin, FSH, LH, histone

what is a proteome?

all the proteins produced by a cell, each individual has a unique proteome

what are the three stages of enzyme activity?

1. substrate binds to active site of enzyme

2. while bonding, it changes shape/into a new chemical substance

3. then the products separate from active site

can the enzyme be used again and again?

yes

where do most enzymatic reactions occur?

in water as dissolved substances

when an enzymatic reaction is heated, what happens?

the kinetic energy is increased and the rate of reaction increases

enzymes have a what where their activity is highest?

optimum pH

as substrate concentration rises...

the \# of active sites on the enzymes are occupied, reaction rate increases at first, then slows and stops once active sites are occupied