Anatomical Directions and Terminology

What is purple pointing at

Epiphysis (proximal and distal)

What is green pointing at

Metaphysis

What is blue pointing at

diaphysis

What is orange pointing at

epiphyseal line

What is yellow pointing at

trabecular bone

What is red pointing at

Medullary cavity

What is green pointing at

nutrient foramen

What is blue pointing at

compact bone

What is aqua pointing at

Periosteum

What is purple pointing at

Articular cartilage

What is the structural unit of a compact bone

osteon

Describe an osteon

• structural unit of compact bone

• Cylindrical structures arranges parallel to the long axis of the bone

• Each contains a haversian canal that contains blood vessels and nerves

Label the two arrows

How many layers are in periosteum

2

• Outer fibrous layer

• Inner cellular layer

describe the outer fibrous layer of periosteum

Fibroblasts and dense connective tissue

Describe the cellular layer of periosteum

contains progenitor cells that can become osteoblasts

Endosteum

similar in structure to periosteum but found on the INNER surface of bones

Structural unit of a spongy bone

trabecular

describe a trabecular

• thin bony plates

• Made of lamella containing osteocytes in lacunae

• receives nutrients via diffusion from blood vessels in bone marrow

Describe short bones and give examples

cube shaped; carpals and tarsals

describe sesamoid bones and give an example

bones found within tendons

Which type of bone is more metabolically active

trabecular (spongy) → more surface area

Primary osteoporosis

age relates bone loss

• type 1: post-menopausal

• type 2: elderly

Secondary osteoporosis

loss due to secondary causes (lifestyle, medication, disease)

What are the three main types of joints

• Fibrous

• Synovial

• Cartilaginous

Describe fibrous joints

joints connected by ligaments

what type of joint is connected by ligaments

fibrous joints

What are the types of fibrous joints

Sutures, syndesmosis, Gomphosis

Define suture joints

• Fibrous

• Connects flat bones of skull

Define syndesmosis joints

• fibrous

• connects shafts of adjacent long bones

  • Radius and ulna

  • Tibia and fibula

Define gomphosis joints

• fibrous

• Holds teeth in their sockets

Define cartilaginous joints

joints connected by cartilage

Define a symphysis joint

• cartilaginous joint

• comprised of fibrous cartilage

  • Pubic symphysis

  • Intervertebral discs of spine

Define synchondrosis joints

• cartilaginous joint

• comprised of hyaline cartilage

  • Epiphyseal growth plates

What are the features of a synovial joint

• Joint capsule

  • Fibrous capsule surrounding fluid filled cavity

• Synovial membrane

  • Secretes a lubricative fluid into cavity

• Joint cavity

  • Filled with synovial fluid

• Articular cartilage

  • Hyaline cartilage covering the ends of long bones

Diarthrosis

joint with high mobility (synovial)

Amphiarthrosis

joint with slight mobility (synchondrosis, symphysis)

Synarthrosis

joints with very low to no mobility (suture, gomphosis)

Agonist (muscles)

prime mover of a joint or structure

Synergist

muscles that work together (with agonist) to produce movement

Fixator

muscles that hold the joint steady so that agonists and synergists can produce movement

Antagonist

performs the OPPOSITE action as the agonist to control the speed of a movement

Composition of fascia (cells, fibers, fluids)

Cells

• Mostly fibroblasts

  • Secrete fibers and ground substance

Fibers

• Collagen

  • Gives structural integrity and make up largest proportion of tissue

• Elastin

  • gives stretch and recoil

• Reticular

  • Gives support to cells

Ground substance

Arteries vs veins

Arteries

• Narrower lumen

• No valves

• Tunica media thickest

• More elastic

Veins

• Larger lumen

• Valves

• Tunica externa thickest

• less elastic