HIST 235 European Enlightenment Exam 1 ID Terms

Galileo Galilei

* 17th Century

* First to prove heliocentric view of Earth

* Empiricism

* Pope felt threatened by his ideas and put him on house arrest.

Francis Bacon

* 16th and 17th centuries

* Popularized the empirical method

* Questions old ways of thinking, calls them incomplete

* Scientific method

Rene Descartes

* 17th century French philosopher

* "I think, therefore I am" deductive reasoning, logic & reason

* Caresian Dualism: Separation between the mind and the body. Soul vs matter.

* Geometry!!

Christina of Sweden

* 17th century

* Patron of the sciences and arts, namely Descartes

* Converts to be a catholic and abdicates the throne(as queen)

* Continues her patronage in Italy.

Royal Society

* Founded in 17th century

* Created by Charles II, 1660

* Most influential scientific community

* Privately funded

Isaac Newton

* 17th century

* Founder of modern physics and infinitesimal calculus.

* Could prove his ideas with mathematics.

* Newtonian physics (gravity)

Margaret Cavendish

* 17th century

* English Aristocrat

* Wrote 6 scientific texts

* First woman to attend London's Royal Society

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

* 17th and 18th centuries

* Developed calculus and symbolic logic

* Studied metaphysics and ontology

Bourbon

* Reigning dynasty in the 17th century

* Family Dynasty

* Ruled mainly France and Spain but elsewhere also

* Connected to absolutism

Louis XIV

* Ruled 1643-1715

* The "sun king"

* embodied absolute monarchy

* Had Versailles built

* Edict of Nantes (1685)

Baroque

* 17th Century

* Cultural, intellectual, and artistic movement

Versailles

* 17th and 18th centuries

* Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility.

Mercantilism

* Fighting for control over finite resources

* Exporting > Importing

* Tariffs and trade wars

Habsburg Monarchy

* Spanish and Austrian dynasty

* Factors for success

- 3 pillars: The crown, aristocracy, and the church

- Marriage diplomacy

- Geopolitics

Great Turkish War

* 17th Century

* Austrian becomes a dominant power as a result, they regain land

United Provinces

* 7 provinces (Dutch Republic)

* Confederate republic

* House of Orange (dynasty)

* Big on trade and colonialism

Salon

* 17th and 18th centuries

* A social gathering of intellectuals and artists

* Led by women

Mme de Geoffrin

* 18th century

* Very wealthy

* Major contributions:

- Shifts to earlier dinner time

- Creates weekly schedules

Mme de Pompadour

* 18th century

* On of Louis XIV's mistress

* Had influence on the government

philosophes

* 18th century, French philosophers

* Enlightened Absolutism

* Eurocentric

Voltaire

* 18th century

* Advised rulers like Fredrick the Great and Kathrine the Great

* Promoted Newton and Locke's ideas

* Influential writings

Romanov

• Russian Dynasty

• Embraced Modernization

• Significant territorial expansion

Peter the Great

• Emperor of Russia

• Known for his reforms

• Military successes

Charles XII of Sweden

• Absolute monarch, king of Sweden

• Promoted domestic reforms

• Defended his country during The Great Northern War

Great Northern War

* 18th century

* Russia becomes a dominant power

* Modernization of the military

* Sweden loses access to the Baltic

Catherine the Great

* 18th century

* Wife of Peter III, becomes ruler after his death

* Converts from Lutheranism to Orthodoxy

* The Instruction: Preamble to a new constitution

- Inspired by French philosophy

-Montesquieu- Spirit of Laws

Russo-Turkish War

- 17th to 19th centuries

- Russia gets access to the Black Sea and the right to annex Crimea

-Crimea was valuable for many reasons

Pugachev Revolt

* 18th century

* Pugachev pretends to be Peter the III

* Recruits the Cosac army

* Wants to abolish serfdom and massacre nobility

* Was ruthlessly repressed in the end

Immanuel Kant

* 18th century

* Germany philosopher

* "What is Enlightenment"

- Free and independent thinking

- Morals

* Enlightenment is gradual

Haskalah

* 18th century

* Jewish movement of enlightenment

* Religious toleration

* Advocated for Jewish assimilation and secular study

Frederick the Great

* 18th century

* Embodied enlightened absolutism

* Religiously tolerant

* Abolishes torture and capital punishment

* Miller-Arnold Affair

* Strong military

Maria Theresa

* 18th century

* Queen of Austria

* Put in power by the Pragmatic Sanction

* Thersean Reforms(Humanitarian)

- Tax the nobility

- Limits on labor and taxes for the poor

- More national army

War of Austrian Succession

series of wars in which various European nations competed for power in Central Europe after the death of Hapsburg emperor Charles VI

Joseph II

* 18th century

* Embraced radical enlightenment

* Josephean reforms:

- Religious toleration

- No special requirements for Jews

- Confiscates monastic properties

- Abolishes serfdom

* Receives pushback from Hungary

Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments

* 1764

* Rich and poor should be equal before the law

* Measure the severity of crimes

* Intentions matter

* Torture of the innocent = BAD!

Bourbon Reforms

* 18th century

* Happened in in Spain, Portugal, and Italy

* Economic and administrative reforms designed to modernize the empire.

Pietas Austriaca

* "Austrian Piety"

* Essentially Habsburgs pride

War of the Spanish Succession

* 18th century, 1701-1714

* Charles the sufferer was the last Habsburg leader so he have power to his wife's family after death

Pietism

* 17th century

* Lutheran reform movement, to purify church

* Promoted discipline and hard work

* Brought Lutherans and Calvinists closer.

Hoehnzollern

* Powerful German Dynasty

* Teutonic Knights

* Capital in Brandenburg

* Lutheran

Sejm

* Poland and Lithuania's parliament

* Bicameral

* Voted unanimously

* Prevents absolutism

Orange

* Dutch elite dynasty

* Stadholder was William of Orange