AP human geography - unit 1.5

Industry

the process of using machines and large-scale processes to convert raw materials into manufactured goods, has stimulated social, political, demographic, and economic changes in society in all scales

raw materials

basic substances such as minerals and crops needed to manufacture finished goods

industrial revolution

a series of technological advances beginning in the 18th century, and resulted in more complexdeindustrialize machinery driven by water or steam power that could make products faster and at a lower cost than could cottage industries

deindustrialize

a process of decreasing reliance on manufacturing jobs

rust belt

regions that have large numbers of closed factories

primary sector

extracting natural resources from the earth; dominated the economy until the late 1800s; includes many high-risk jobs; a small part of today’s economy; few high paying jobs; most jobs require physical skill

primary sector examples

ex. farming, mining, fishing, forestry

secondary sector

making products from natural resources; significant growth from 1840s to the 1960s; wages vary greatly

secondary sector examples

ex. manufacturing, building

tertiary sector

providing information and service to people; a small part of the economy until the mid 1900s; most people in the us labor force today; wages vary widely

tertiary sector examples

ex. retail sales, medicine, housekeeping

quaternary sector

managing and processing information; small percentage of employees; most jobs require advanced education or technical skills; high wages; considered part of the tertiary sector until recently

quaternary sector examples

ex. financial analysis, software development, data science

quinary sector

creating information and making high-level decisions; very small percentage of employees; very high income; decisions can affect millions of people; considered part of the tertiary sector until recently

quinary sector examples

ex. research, top managers

gross national product (GNP)

the dollar amount of all goods and services produced by a country’s citizens in one year; measure the value of goods produced (production)

gross national product (GNP) examples

the value of the products of an American company in South Korea would go towards the US GNP

Gross national income (GNI)

the dollar amount of all goods an services produced by a country’s citizens in one year; measures the money that was gained from selling goods/services

gross national income (GNI) examples

ex. the income of american citizens working in South Korea and the profits from an American owned factory in Mexico would both aunt as part of the US’s total

gross domestic product (GDP)

the dollar amount of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year; based more on the geographical sense of a country

gross domestic product (GDP) examples

ex. only money earned in the US, regardless of who earns it, will be used to calculate the US’s total - key is that the money was generated within the country

remittances

the profits from a foreign-owned company were leaving the country and going back to the home country

remittances examples

ex. migrant workers sent much of their earnings back to family members in their home countries

purchasing power parity (PPP)

a measure of what similar goods cost in different countries

purchasing power parity (PPP) examples

ex. in 2016, the same collection of goods that cost $1000 in the US, cost $590 in the Czech republic and $1,620 in switzerland

formal sector

a portion of the economy that is monitored by the government, so people in it follow regulations and pay taxes. This is the portion of economic activity measured by GDP, GNP, GNI

formal sector examples

buying something at the store

informal sector

portion of the economy that is not monitored by the government

informal sector examples

activities done without pay, like clearing your house; legal if reported to gov. butt are often not reported, restaurant workers can legally accept tips, but not reporting the income from tips on tgini coefficientax returns is illegal; some activities are always illegal, like drug dealing

gini coefficient

a measure of the distribution of income, ranging from 0-1, 0 being no inequality, 1 being the most unequal; 1 person having all the income of the population, and everyone else having none

life expectancy

the number of years a person is expected to live; has a position correlation with developmentlife expectancy

life expectancy examples

ex. egypt’s life expectancy is 72 years

literacy rate

the percentage of a population that can read and write, usually at an 8th grade level or higher

literacy rate examples

ex. south Africas literacy rate was 90% in 2021

gender gap

differences in the privileges afforded to males and females in society

gender gap examples

educational opportunities, employment options, wages, voting rights, healthcare, political empowerment, property rights, the ability to drive a car, inheritance rights, or the right to make contraceptive decitions

gender inequality index

a composite measure of several factors indicating gender disparity such as reproductive health, empowerment, labor market participation; the composite score is a measure of the percentage of potential human development lost due to gender inequality

human development index

a way that demonstrates a country’s development using a combination of 1 economic factor (GNI per capita) with 3 social measure (life expectancy, expected years of schooling, and average years of schooling). The composite score for each country will range between 0-1. Higher numbers representing greater levels of development