APUSH Princeton Review vocab.

Black codes

laws passed in southern states to restrict the rights of former slaves; nullified by Civil Rights Act of 1866 and 14th Amendments

City upon a hill

John Winthrop's vision for Massachusetts Bay as an example for the rest of the world of rightful living

Encomiendas

System under which officers of Spanish conquistadores gained ownership of Indian land

Evangelicalism

Preached Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality

Headright system

system in which a "headright," or tract of land, was granted to colonists and potential settlersand wealthy investors could accumulate land by paying the passage of indentured servants

Indentured servant

settler who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to a master in exchange for passage to the new World

Joint-stock company

a way of pooling financial resources and sharing the risk of maritime voyages, which proved central to the development of modern capitalism

Mercantilism

policy of Great Britain and other imperial powers of regulating the economies of colonies to benefit the mother country

Middle Passage

second, or middle leg in triangular trading routes that a voyage across the Atlantic and was a harrowing experience

Proprietary colony

any of certain colonies, as Maryland and Pennsylvania, that were granted to an individual or group by the British crown and that were granted full rights of self-government

Puritans

English religious group that sought to purify the Church of England; founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop in 1630

Royal colony

colonies owned by a king who could exert greater control over their governments

salutary neglect

policy which British governments adopted in the first half of the 18th century in which they left colonial nations to largely govern themselves

slavery

systematic enslavement of African which was based on the plantation and was an agricultural enterprise that brought together large numbers of workers under the control of a single owner

tariffs

federal tax on imported goods

Bacon's Rebellion

unsucessful 1767 revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration because of governmental corruption and because Berkeley had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids and did not allow them to occupy Indian lands

Glorious Revolution

The bloodless overthrow of James II who was replaced by William and Mary

The Great Awakening

Fervent religious revival movement in the 1720s-1740s that was spread throughout the colonies by ministers like New England Congregationalist Jonathan Edwards and English revivalist George Whitefield

King Philip's War

bloody and bitter conflict between New Englanders and Indians under the leadership of Metacom that produced a broadening of freedom for white New Englanders by expanding their access to land

King William's War

war against French and Native Americans on the Canadian border that heightened regional anxieties

Pequot War

near destruction of the Pequots after they attacked a settlement in Wakefield and killed 9 colonists; members of the MA Bay Colony retaliated by burning the main Pequot village, killing 400 Pequots

Salem Witch Trials

witch hunts during the summer of 1692 in which 130 people, almost all women, were jailed or executed on charges of witchcraft in Salem

"starving time"

Jamestown winter after which only 65 settlers remained alive

Stono Uprising

the first and one of the most successful slave rebellions in which 20 slaves met near the Stone River outside Charleston, SC and stole guns and ammunition, killing storekeepers and platers and liberating a number of slaves

Anne Hutchinson

prominent proponent of antinomianism, the belief that faith and God's grace earns one a place among the "elect"; tried for heresy, convicted, and banished due to her beliefs

Benjamin Franklin

creator of the Junto, which was founded in Philadelphia and transformed into the American Philosophical Society

Calvinism

Doctrine of predestination expounded by Swiss theologian John Calvin in 1536

Congregationalists

Puritans that rejected the Catholic structure of religious authority descending from a pope or king and believed only independent local congregations should choose clergymen and determine modes of worship

George Whitefield

Leader of the Great Awakening who preached with evangelism

Huguenots

French Protestants whose outpost at Fort Carolina was destroyed by Menendez

John Rolfe

husband of Pocahontas whose marriage became a symbol of Anglo-Indian harmony and missionary success

John Smith

captain of the ship to Jamestown who decreed "he who will not work shall not eat"; injured in gunpowder explosion and sailed back to England

Jonathan Edwards

Congregationalist minister who preached the severe, pre-deterministic doctrines of Calvinism and became famous for his graphic depiction of Hell

Pilgrims

Puritan Separatists who broke completely with the Church of England and sailed to the New World abroad the Mayflower, founding Plymouth Colony on Cape Cod in 1620

Pocahontas

Powhatan's daughter who married John Rolfe

Powhatan Confederacy

group of Indians that stopped supplying Jamestown with food which led to the starving time

Roger Williams

minister in the Salem Bay settlement who taught a number of controversial principles, among them that church and state should be separate; founded new colony at modern-day Rhode Island

Separatists

first Puritans to immigrate to America who fear that their children were being corrupted by being drawn into the surrounding culture; settled in VA

Sir Walter Raleigh

one of the two men who was granted a charter from England to establish colonies in North America at their own expense; set up a failed settlement on Roanoke Island

Cahokia

largest North American city north of Mexico prior to the arrival of European settlers that was dominated by a huge earthwork known as Monks Mound

The Chesapeake

what the entire area around Jamestown came to be known as after new settlements sprang up; current day Virginia and Maryland

Jamestown

site in 1607 of the first permanent English settlement in the New World

The Lower South

The Carolinas which focused on such cash crops as tobacco and rice

Massachusetts Bay colony

large and powerful colony established by Congregationalists that was led by Governor John Winthrop and developed along Puritan ideals

Middle colonies

New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey that focused primarily on farming due to its fertile land

New England

region with a society centered on trade with a population that farmed for subsistence and mostly subscribed to rigid Puritanism

Maryland Toleration Act

law passed by Maryland's government in 1649 to protect the religious freedom of most Christians, but the law was not enough to keep the situation in Maryland from devolving into bloody religious civil war

Dominion of New England

Consolidation into a single colony of the New England colonies and later NY and NJ by royal governor Edmund Andros in 1686; reverted to individual colonial governments 3 years later

Edict of Nantes

act that extended religious toleration to Huguenots that was revoked in 1685 which led to the fleeing of over 100,000 Huguenots from France

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

first written constitution in British North America

Halfway Covenant

agreement that allowed for the baptism and a kind of subordinate, or "half-way," membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the Great Migration

Mayflower Compact

signed in 1620 abroad the Mayflower before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth, the document committed the group to majority-rule government

Navigation Acts

passed by the English Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system, 1650-1775; enforcement of the acts led to growing resentment by colonists

Adams's "midnight appointments"

event in which Adams filled as many gov't positions with Federalists as he could before he left office, which Jefferson ignored

assembly line

invention in which products are constructed more efficiently by dividing the labor into a number of tasks and assigning each worker one task

Beard Thesis

Charles Austin Beard wrote that Constitution was written to protect the economic interests of its writers and benefit wealthy financial speculators

First Bank of the United States

establishment for the purpose of handling the financial needs and requirments of the new central government of the newly formed United States; proposed by Alexander Hamilton and chartered in 1790

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property

The Frontier Thesis

statement by Frederick Johnson Turner that said humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into and that the American frontier was the line of most rapid "ameircanization" and the place where democracy flourished; concluded that the "American frontier" had closed.

Gospel of Wealth

essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich with the central thesis being the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them.

horizontal integration

The combining of many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Jeffersonian republicanism

one of nations first political parties, led by Thomas Jeffrson and stemming from the anti-federalists, emerged around 1792, gradually became today's Democratic party; made up of pro-French, liberal middle class who favored a weak central govt. and strong states's rights.

Jingoism

aggressive, nationalistic and patriotic expansion; Theodore Roosevelt, among many others, believed in this extreme form of expansion.

Judicial Review

Supreme Court's right to determine whether an act of Congress violates the Constitution

"kitchen cabinet"

an informal group of advisers who helped to write Pres. Jackson's speeches and supervise communication between the White House and local party officials

loose construction

position that creation of a national bank was a implied power of the gov't because the gov't already had explicit power to coin money, borrow money, and collect taxes

Lowell, MA

place in which Boston Associates built a group of modern textile factories that brought together all phases of cotton production

Manifest Destiny

phrase first used in 1845 to urge annexation of Texas; used thereafter to encourage American settlement of European colonial and Indian lands in the Great Plains and the West and, more generally, as a justification for American empire

Nativism

anti-immigration and anti-Catholic feeling especially prominent in the 1850s; largest group was NY's Order of the Star Spangled Banner, which expanded into the Know-Nothing Party

non-consumption and non-importation

boycotting of British goods

"pet" banks

local banks where Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from its vaults to there

popular sovereignty

allowed settlers in a disputed territory to decide the slavery issue for themselves; associated with Senator Stephen A. Douglas

Second Bank of the United States

a private, profit-making corporation that served as the government's financial agent

Second party system

a period in American political history between 1828 and 1854 that saw rising levels in votes during which the Democrats were led by Jackson and the Whigs by Clay

Social Darwinism

application of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection to society; used the concept of "survival of the fittest" to justify class distinctions and to explain poverty

spoils system

the filling of federal gov't jobs with persons loyal to the party of the president that originated in Andrew Jackson's first term

Standard Oil Co.

founded in 1870 by John Rockefeller in Cleveland, OH, it soon grew into the nation's first industry dominating trust

states' rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government

strict construction

federal gov't could only exercise powers specifically listed in the Constitution

trust

companies combined to limit competition

US Steel Corporation

America's first billion dollar company created by J.P Morgan

Utopian communities

societies that sought to be perfect that varied in structure and motivation but all sought to recognize society on a cooperative basis

vertical integration

company's avoidance of middlemen by producing its supplies and providing the distribution of its product

war profiteering

overcharging the government for services and products during war

Washington's Farewell Address

Washington's oral address after his 2 terms in which he warned against political parties and promoted neutrality; set a precedent for keeping a strong national government, promoting patriotism, and keeping morality in the government.

"white man's burden"

poem by British poet Rudyard Kipling commenting on American imperialism; created a phrase used by imperialists to justify the imperialistic actions the U.S. took

yellow journalism

sensationalism in newspaper publishing that reached a peak in the circulation war between Joseph Pulitzer's New York Journal in the 1890s; its accounts of events in Havana Harbor in 1898 led directly to the Spanish-American War

Annapolis Convention

meeting that Alexander Hamilton convened over concerns about the Articles of Confederation which only 5 delegates showed up to

Antietam

One of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought to a standoff on Sept. 17, 1862, in western Maryland

Atlanta Exposition/Compromise

speech to the Cotton States and International Exposition in the 1895 by educator Booker T. Washington, the leading black spokesman of the day; black scholar WEB DuBois gave the speech its derisive name and criticized Washington for encouraging black to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement

Battle of New Orleans

last battle of the War of 1812, fought on Jan. 8, 1815, weeks after the peace treaty was signed but prior to the news reaching America; General Andrew Jackson led victorious American troops

Bleeding Kansas

violence between pro- and antislavery settlers in the Kansas Territory, 1856

Boston Massacre

clash between British soldiers and a Boston mob, March 5, 1770, in which five colonists were killed

Boston Tea Party

On Dec. 16, 1773, the Sons of Liberty, dressed as Indians, dumped hundreds of chests of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act of 1773, under which the British exported to the colonies millions of pounds of cheap, taxed tea, thereby undercutting the price of smuggled tea and forcing payment of the tea duty

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese nationalist protest against Western commercial domination and cultural influence, 1990; a coalition of American, European, and Japanese forces put down the rebellion and reclaimed captured embassies in Peking (Beijing) within the year

Chesapeake Affair

event in which the American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters; in response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake and the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology

Compromise of 1877

deal made by a Republican and Democratic special congressional commission to resolve the disputed presidential election of 1876; Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, who had lost the popular vote, was declared the winner in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from involvement in politics in the South, marking the end of Reconstruction

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Meeting in PA of representatives from 12 colonies, excluding Rhode Island, to resolve the existing Articles of Confederation; produced new constitution

Credit Mobilier scandal

millions of dollars in overcharges for building the Union Pacific Railroad were exposed; high officials of the Ulysses S. Grant administration were implicated but never charged