bio topic 8 carbs and metabolic pathway

what do carb serve as

fuel and building material

how do catabolic pathways yield energy

oxidizing organic fuels

photosynthesis

generates organic molecule and O2 for cellular respiration

what do carbs include

sugars and polymers of sugars

simple carb

monosaccharide

what are carbs macromolecules

polysaccarides

what is monosaccharides molecular formula multiple of

CH2O

glucose molecular formula

C6H12O6

what classifies monosaccharides

location of carbonyl group and number of carbons

aldoses (aldehyde sugars)

carbonyl group at end of carbon skeleton

ketoses (ketone sugars)

carbonyl group within carbon skeleton

what are the triose (3-carbon sugars) C3H603

glyceraladehyde and dihydroxyacentone

pentoses (5 carbon sugars) C5H10O5 and which is the aldoses and ketoses (in order)

ribose and ribulose

hexoses (6 carbon sugars) C6H12O6 and which is the aldoses and ketoses (in order)

glucose/galactose and fructose

what is the difference between glucose and galactose in their molecular structure

different location of hydroxyl group

what might happen when drawing a sugar in aqueous solutions

form rings

what is the major functions of monosaccarides

fuel and used for building larger molecules

how does a disaccharide form

dehydration of monosaccharides

what are the bonds of 2 monosaccarides to make a disaccharide called

glycosidic linkage

polysaccharides

polymers of sugar

what is the structure and function of polysaccharides dertmined by

sugar monomers, position of glycosidic linkages

what is the storage polysaccharide of plants

starch

where do plants store surplus starch

chloroplast/plastids

What is the storage polysaccharide in animals?

glycogen

where is glycogen mainly found

liver and muscle cells

what does the hydrolysis of glycogen do

releases glucose

what is cellulose

major componant plant cell walls

whatt type of glycose does cellulose contain

beta glucose (B)

what ype of glucose does starch contain

alpha glucose (a)

what is the difference between starch, cellulose and glucose

different glycosidic linkages

what does cellulose pass as in humans

insoluble fiber

what is chitin

structural polysaccharide

where is chitin found

arthropod exoskeletons, fungal cell walls

what do complex molecules contain in their covalent bonds

potential energy

what do catabolic pathways of cellular respiration do

release stored energy by breaking complex molecule into simple products

what happens when you rearrange chemical bond to release enrgy

electron transfer

what is the breakdown of organic molecules exergonic of endergonic

exergonic

Aerobic respication

consume organic molecules and O2, produces ATP

what is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

anaerobic doesnt consume O2

fermentation

partial degradation of sugars without oxygen

what does cellular respiration refer to

aerobic and anaerobic

what is cellular reperiation usually traced with

glucose

cellular respiration formula

C6H12O + 6 O2-------> 6 H2O + Energy (ATP+ heat)

redox reaction

transfer electron between reactants

oxidation (oxidized)

loses electrons

reduction (reduced)

gains electrons

reducing agent

electron donor

oxidizing agent

electron acceptor

example of a redox reaction that doesnt completely tranfer electrons but chages the degree of electron sharing

burning methane in presence of oxygen

methane combustion redox reation

CH4 + 2O2----> CO2 + Energy + 2H20

methane reducing agent, oxgen oxidizing agent

what is oxidized and what is reduced in cellulr respiration

fuel (glucose) oxidized, O2 reduced

what are electrons from organic compouns first transfered to

NAD+

what is the oxidzied and reduced form of Nictinamide

NAD+, NADH

since NAD+ is an electron acceptor what does it function as during cellular respiration

oxidizing agent

what does each NADH contain and do

stored energy to synthesize ATP

NAD+ reduction reaction

look at image slide lecture 13-17

what is NAD+ reduced to NADH by

dehydrogenase

what does NADH pass electrons to

electron transport chain

what pulls electrons down the ETC

oxygen

uncontrolled reaction

all energy released at once as heat or light

electron transport chain

releases energy in a controlled way

3 stages to get energy form glucose

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

breaks glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

pyruvate oxidaiton and citric acid cycle

completes glucose breakdown

oxidative phosphorylation

most ATP synthesis (90%)

look at figure 9.5 in lectures 13-17

a

why does oxidative phosporlyation generate the most ATP

powereed by redox reactions

how much ATP does a cell make for each glucose broken into CO2 and water

32 ATP

substrate-level phosphorylation

makes small amount of ATP

where does substrate level phosphorylation take place

glycolysis and citric acid cycle

how many steps does glycolysis have and where does it happen

10 steps in cytosol

what are the 2 major phases of glycolysis

energy investment (1-5), energy payoff (6-10)

does glycolysis need oxygen to occur

occurs with or without

what happens is the energy investment phase of glycolysis

2 ATP used

What happens in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis?

4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate formed

what does glucose turn into during glycolysis

2 pyruvate

look at glycolysis images slide 42- 46

a

pyruvate oxidation

links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

3 reactions involved in pyruvate oxididation

One carbon released as CO2,

Remaining 2-C molecule=oxidized to acetate and NAD+ reduced to NADH,

acetate linked to coenzyme A= Acetyl-CoA

Where does glycolysis take place?

Cytosol

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

Mitochondria

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

Mitochondria

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Mitochondria

How does a pyruvate get converted into acetyl CoA?

transport protein to pyruvate dehydrogenase

What is a citric acid cycle also known as

krebs cycle

How many steps in the citric acid cycle?

8 steps

why does the acetyl group from acetyl- CoA enter the citric cycle

Complete the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2

When each acetyl group leads to one turn of the krebs cycle was does it generate

1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

look at figure 9.10 in slides

a

What is each step of the citric acid psycho catalyzed by?

Specific enzyme

First step of citric acid cycle

2-C acetyl group combines with 4-C oxaloacetate to make citrate

citrate

C-6

What do steps 2 to 7 of the citric acid cycle do

Decompose citrate to oxaloacetate

Function of NADH and FADH2 that are produced during krebs cycle

donate electrons to electron transport chain

look at slide images 9.11

a

What is most of the energy that's extracted from organic molecules during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle transferred to

NADH and FADH2

What does the electron transport chain do?

Powers ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation

Where is the electron transport chain located

Inner mitochondria membrane (cristae)

What does the electron transport chain proteins exist in?

Multi protein complexes

What do electron carriers do when they accept and donate electrons?

switch between reduced and oxidized