Ch 50 Final exam 50 practice questions

What is nitrofurantoin primarily recommended for? a) Complicated UTIs b) Uncomplicated or initial UTIs c) Fungal UTIs d) Catheter-associated UTIs

b) Uncomplicated or initial UTIs

In a case study mentioned, E. coli showed sensitivity to nitrofurantoin at what concentration? a) Less than 10^3 CFU/mL b) Exactly 10^4 CFU/mL c) Exceeding 10^6 CFU/mL d) Not specified

c) Exceeding 10^6 CFU/mL

What is the most common outpatient infection? a) Respiratory tract infections b) Skin infections c) Urinary tract infections d) Gastrointestinal infections

c) Urinary tract infections

What is the most common healthcare-associated infection (HAI)? a) Surgical site infection b) Central line-associated bloodstream infection c) Pneumonia d) Urinary tract infection

d) Urinary tract infection

What percentage of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli)? a) 50% b) 65% of complicated UTIs c) 75% of cases and 65% of complicated UTIs d) 90%

c) 75% of cases and 65% of complicated UTIs

Which pathogen is primarily responsible for 65% of complicated UTIs? a) Pseudomonas b) Fungi c) E. coli d) Staphylococcus aureus

c) E. coli

Fungal and parasitic infections can cause UTIs in which patient populations? a) Immunosuppressed individuals b) Those with diabetes c) People with kidney problems d) All of the above

d) All of the above

Which organisms are often responsible for Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)? a) E. coli or Staphylococcus b) E. coli or Pseudomonas c) Klebsiella or Proteus d) Candida or Enterococcus

b) E. coli or Pseudomonas

What is the most common transmission route for UTIs? a) Hematogenous transmission b) Organisms ascending from the perineum up the urethra c) Through contaminated food d) Direct contact with infected surfaces

b) Organisms ascending from the perineum up the urethra

Which factor is a significant concern leading to increased length of stay, costs, and mortality in hospitalized patients? a) Urologic instrumentation b) Sexual intercourse c) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) d) Inadequate fluid intake

c) Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)

Which part of the urinary tract is involved in pyelonephritis? a) The bladder only b) The urethra only c) The renal parenchyma and collecting system d) The ureters only

c) The renal parenchyma and collecting system

What defines urosepsis? a) An infection confined to the bladder b) A systemic, life-threatening infection requiring emergency treatment c) Inflammation of the urethra d) A recurrent UTI unresponsive to antibiotics

b) A systemic, life-threatening infection requiring emergency treatment

What classification of UTI occurs in an otherwise normal urinary tract, specifically in the bladder? a) Complicated UTI b) Upper UTI c) Uncomplicated UTI d) Recurrent UTI

c) Uncomplicated UTI

Which of the following conditions would classify a UTI as complicated? a) Occurs in a pregnant individual b) Involves antibiotic resistance c) Occurs in an immunocompromised individual d) All of the above

d) All of the above

What is the normal state of the urinary tract above the urethra? a) Colonized with beneficial bacteria b) Normally sterile c) Frequently inflamed d) Prone to parasitic infections

b) Normally sterile

Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism that prevents UTIs? a) Complete emptying with voiding b) Competence of the ureterovesical junction c) Alkaline pH of urine d) Ureteral peristalsis

c) Alkaline pH of urine

What is the typical acidic pH range of urine that acts as a defense mechanism? a) 4.0-5.5 b) 6.0-7.5 c) 7.5-8.0 d) 8.0-9.0

b) 6.0-7.5

Which of these is an emptying symptom of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)? a) Urinary frequency b) Dysuria c) Urgency d) Nocturia

b) Dysuria

Which of these is a storage symptom of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)? a) Hesitancy b) Intermittency c) Urinary retention d) Nocturnal enuresis

d) Nocturnal enuresis

What general symptoms may be present with a UTI, in addition to LUTS? a) Headache and dizziness b) Fatigue and anorexia c) Joint pain and muscle weakness d) Numbness and tingling

b) Fatigue and anorexia

How do older adults commonly present with UTIs? a) With classic manifestations of flank pain and fever b) With nonlocalized abdominal discomfort, cognitive impairment, or generalized deterioration c) With severe dysuria and urgency d) Asymptomatically with normal mental status

b) With nonlocalized abdominal discomfort, cognitive impairment, or generalized deterioration

What is asymptomatic bacteriuria? a) A severe UTI requiring immediate treatment b) Colonization of bacteria in the bladder without symptoms c) A fungal infection of the urinary tract d) A viral infection of the kidneys

b) Colonization of bacteria in the bladder without symptoms

For what condition is screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria recommended? a) Older adults b) Immunocompromised patients c) Pregnancy d) Diabetic patients

c) Pregnancy

What is the initial screening diagnostic test for UTIs? a) Urine culture and sensitivity b) CT scan c) Dipstick test for nitrates, WBCs, and leukocyte esterase d) Thorough patient history

c) Dipstick test for nitrates, WBCs, and leukocyte esterase

What is considered the definitive diagnosis for a UTI? a) Patient's report of symptoms b) Dipstick test results c) Urine culture and sensitivity testing d) Ultrasound findings

c) Urine culture and sensitivity testing

Which antibiotic is commonly used for uncomplicated UTIs, in addition to nitrofurantoin? a) Fluoroquinolones b) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) c) Fluconazole d) Vancomycin

b) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

What is the typical duration of empiric antibiotic therapy for an uncomplicated UTI? a) 1-2 days b) About 3 days c) 7-10 days d) 14 days or longer

b) About 3 days

What drug is used for urinary analgesic effects in UTI management? a) Amoxicillin b) Cephalexin c) Phenazopyridine d) Metronidazole

c) Phenazopyridine

Which group of antibiotics is often used to treat complicated UTIs? a) Penicillins b) Macrolides c) Fluoroquinolones d) Tetracyclines

c) Fluoroquinolones

What is the treatment for fungal UTIs? a) Nitrofurantoin b) Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) c) Fluconazole d) Ampicillin

c) Fluconazole

Which nursing intervention is crucial for preventing CAUTI? a) Administering prophylactic antibiotics b) Avoiding unnecessary catheterizations c) Performing daily bladder irrigations d) Restricting fluid intake

b) Avoiding unnecessary catheterizations

What should a nurse advise a patient to do to promote adequate fluid intake for UTI management? a) Avoid irritating fluids and foods b) Drink only plain water c) Restrict fluid intake after dinner d) Consume only cranberry juice

a) Avoid irritating fluids and foods

A 72-year-old woman hospitalized with a stroke and a urinary catheter due to urinary incontinence has the greatest risk for which condition? a) Bladder cancer b) Kidney stones c) Urinary tract infection d) Glomerulonephritis

c) Urinary tract infection

What is the most common urinary system cancer? a) Kidney cancer b) Prostate cancer c) Bladder cancer d) Ureteral cancer

c) Bladder cancer

What percentage of bladder cancer cases occur in older adults over 55 years of age? a) 50% b) 70% c) 90% d) 100%

c) 90%

What is the most frequent type of bladder cancer? a) Squamous cell carcinoma b) Adenocarcinoma c) Small cell carcinoma d) Transitional cell cancer

d) Transitional cell cancer

What is identified as a major risk factor for bladder cancer? a) Excessive alcohol consumption b) Cigarette smoking c) High-fat diet d) Family history of cancer

b) Cigarette smoking

Which of the following is a risk factor for bladder cancer? a) Industrial exposure to dyes b) Chronic recurrent urinary tract stones c) Prolonged indwelling catheters d) All of the above

d) All of the above

What is the most common clinical manifestation of bladder cancer? a) Dysuria b) Frequency c) Microscopic or gross, painless hematuria d) Urgency

C) Microscopic or gross, painless hematuria

What diagnostic study is performed to confirm bladder cancer? a) CT scan b) Ultrasound c) Cystoscopy and biopsy d) Urine specimen for cancer cells

c) Cystoscopy and biopsy

How is bladder cancer typically graded and staged before treatment? a) From A to D b) From I to V c) Based on tumor size only d) Based on patient age

b) From I to V

What surgical procedure is used to remove superficial bladder lesions with a cystoscope? a) Segmental cystectomy b) Radical cystectomy c) Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumor (TURBT) d) Nephrectomy

c) Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Tumor (TURBT)

What is fulguration in the context of bladder cancer treatment? a) Administering chemotherapy intravenously b) Burning the tumor base c) Using radiation therapy d) Removing the bladder entirely

b) Burning the tumor base

What may be used with TURBT to kill cancer cells with high-energy laser? a) Chemotherapy b) Radiation c) High-energy laser d) Immunotherapy

c) High-energy laser

For which type of bladder cancer would a radical cystectomy be performed? a) Superficial lesions b) Large tumors in one area of the bladder wall c) Invasive tumors or those in the trigone area without metastasis beyond the pelvic area d) Any type of bladder cancer, regardless of stage

c) Invasive tumors or those in the trigone area without metastasis beyond the pelvic area

What female organs are removed during a radical cystectomy for bladder cancer? a) Bladder, uterus, cervix, urethra, anterior vagina, and ovaries b) Bladder, uterus, and fallopian tubes c) Bladder, ovaries, and vagina d) Bladder and urethra only

a) Bladder, uterus, cervix, urethra, anterior vagina, and ovaries

After a TURBT, how should the patient's urine color appear for several days? a) Bright red with clots b) Dark red or rust-colored flecks c) Pink d) Clear yellow

C) Pink

What post-procedure symptom is recommended to be treated with increased fluid intake after intravesical therapy for bladder cancer? a) Headache b) Nausea c) Irritative voiding and hemorrhagic cystitis d) Abdominal pain

c) Irritative voiding and hemorrhagic cystitis

What is intravesical therapy for bladder cancer? a) Oral chemotherapy administration b) Systemic immunotherapy given intravenously c) Local instillation of immunotherapy or chemotherapy through a urethral catheter d) Radiation therapy to the bladder

c) Local instillation of immunotherapy or chemotherapy through a urethral catheter

For how long is the solution typically retained in the bladder during intravesical therapy? a) 30 minutes b) 1 hour c) 2 hours d) 4 hours

c) 2 hours