ITEP 207 MODULE 1B

Networks

can vary in size and complexity.

Protocols

are the rules that communications will follow.

Protocols

is like a common language that allows devices to "understand" each other during communication.

Protocols

is a set of standardized rules, procedures, and formats that define how devices communicate and exchange data over a network.

Humans Protocol

Individuals must use established rules or agreements to govern the conversation.

Message encoding

is the process of converting information (a message) from one form into another to prepare it for transmission or storage.

Encoding

ensures that the message can be transmitted efficiently and interpreted correctly by the receiver.

Message formatting

refers to structuring or organizing data into a specific format to ensure compatibility and interpretability by the sender and receiver.

Encapsulation

is the process of wrapping data with additional information as it moves down the layers.

Message size

refers to the total amount of data contained in a message.

Message timing

refers to the scheduling, synchronization, or delay management of messages.

Message delivery options

refer to the various ways in which messages (data, communication, or notifications) can be transmitted between a sender and a receiver.

Encoding

is the process of converting information into another acceptable form for transmission.

Decoding

reverses this process to interpret the information.

Message formats

depend on the type of message and the channel that is used to deliver the message.

Encoding between hosts

must be in an appropriate format for the medium.

Converted to bits

Messages sent across the network are ____________.

Flow Control

manages the rate of data transmission and defines how much information can be sent and the speed at which it can be delivered.

Response Timeout

manages how long a device waits when it does not hear a reply from the destination.

Access method

determines when someone can send a message.

Collisions

This is when more than one device sends traffic at the same time and the messages become corrupt.

Unicast

one to one communication.

Multicast

one to many, typically not all.

Broadcast

one to all.

Network protocols

define a common set of rules.

Network Communications

Enable two or more devices to communicate over one or more networks. Example: HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).

Network Security

Secure data to provide authentication, data integrity, and data encryption.

IPSec

is a widely used network security protocol suite designed to ensure secure communication over IP networks.

Routing

Enable routers to exchange route information, compare path information and select the best path. Example: RIP (Routing Information Protocol).

Service Discovery

Used for the automatic detection of services.

DNS SD (Domain Name System Service Discovery)

is a protocol designed for discovering services within a network.

NETWORK PROTOCOL FUNCTIONS

Devices use agreed-upon protocols to communicate.

Addressing

Identifies sender and receiver.

Reliability

Provides guaranteed delivery.

Flow Control

Ensures data flows at an efficient rate.

Sequencing

Uniquely labels each transmitted segment of data.

Error Detection

Determines if data became corrupted during transmission.

Application Interface

Process-to-process communications between network applications.

PROTOCOL INTERACTION

Networks require the use of several protocols; each protocol has its own function and format.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Governs the way a web server and a web client interact; defines content and format.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Manages the individual conversations; provides guaranteed delivery; manages flow control.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Delivers messages globally from the sender to the receiver.

Ethernet

Delivers messages from one NIC to another NIC on the same Ethernet Local Area Network (LAN).

Protocol Suite

A group of inter-related protocols necessary to perform a communication function.

Protocol Suite

Sets of rules that work together to help solve a problem.

Lower Layers

concerned with moving data and providing services to upper layers.

Internet Protocol Suite or TCP/IP

The most common protocol suite and maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

protocols developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU).

AppleTalk

Proprietary suite released by Apple Inc. (obsolete 80-00).

Novell NetWare

Proprietary suite developed by Novell Inc. (obsolete 80-90).

TCP/IP protocols

operate at the application, transport, and internet layers.

Ethernet and WLAN (wireless LAN)

The most common network access layer LAN protocols.

TCP/IP

An open standard protocol suite that is freely available to the public and can be used by any vendor.

TCP/IP

A standards-based protocol suite that is endorsed by the networking industry.

Web server

encapsulating and sending a web page to a client.

Client

de-encapsulating the web page for the web browser.

Open Standards

encourages - interoperability; competition; innovation.

Standards Organizations

vendor-neutral; non-profit organizations; established to develop and promote the concept of open standards.

Internet Society (ISOC)

Promotes the open development and evolution of the internet.

Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Responsible for the management and development of internet standards.

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

Develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies.

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)

Focused on long-term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

Coordinates IP address allocation, the management of domain names, and assignment of other information.

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

Oversees and manages IP address allocation, domain name management, and protocol identifiers for ICANN.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

Dedicated to creating standards in power and energy, healthcare, telecommunications, and networking.

Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)

Develops standards relating to electrical wiring, connectors, and the 19-inch racks used to mount networking equipment.

Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)

Develops communication standards in radio equipment, cellular towers, VoIP devices, satellite communications.

International Telecommunications Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)

Defines standards for video compression, IPTV, and broadband communications, such as DSL.

Two Layered Models

Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model; TCP/IP Reference Model

OSI

model divides the network access layer and the application layer of the TCP/IP model into multiple layers.

TCP/IP protocol suite

does not specify which protocols to use when transmitting over a physical medium.

OSI Layers 1 and 2

discuss the necessary procedures to access the media and the physical means to send data over a network.

Application Layer

Contains protocols used for process-to-process communications.

Presentation Layer

Provides for common representation of the data transferred between application layer services.

Session Layer

Provides services to the presentation layer and to manage data exchange.

Transport Layer

Defines services to segment, transfer, and reassemble the data for individual communications.

Network Layer

Provides services to exchange the individual pieces of data over the network.

Data Link Layer

Describe methods for exchanging data frames over a common media.

Physical Layer

Describe the means to activate, maintain, and de-activate physical connections.

Segmenting

is the process of breaking up messages into smaller units.

Multiplexing

is the process of taking multiple streams of segmented data and interleaving them together.

Sequencing

messages is the process of numbering the segments so that the message may be reassembled at the destination.

TCP

is responsible for sequencing the individual segments.

Encapsulation

is the process where protocols add their information to the data.

PDU (Protocol Data Units)

has a different name to reflect its new functions.

Encapsulation

is a top-down process.

De encapsulated

Data is _________ as it moves up the stack layer completes its process - that layer strips off its header and passes it up to the next level to be processed. This is repeated at each layer UNTIL it is a data stream that the application can process.

Data Access Addresses

Both the data link and network layers use addressing to deliver data from source to destination.

Network Layer Source and Destination Addresses

Responsible for delivering the IP packet from the original source to the final destination.

Data Link Layer Source and Destination Addresses

Responsible for delivering the data link frame from one network interface card (NIC) to another NIC on the same network.

Source IP Address

The IP address of the sending device, original source of the packet.

Destination IP Address

The IP address of the receiving device, final destination of the packet.

Network Portion

The left-most part of the address indicates the network group which the IP address is a member.

Host Portion

The remaining part of the address identifies a specific device within the group.

Same Number in Network Portion

When devices are on the same network, the source and destination will have the ________ of the address.

Devices on a Remote Network

When the source and destination have a different network portion, this means they are on different networks.

Router Address

When the final destination is remote, Layer 3 will provide Layer 2 with the local default gateway IP address.

Default Gateway

is the router interface IP address that is part of this LAN and will be the "door" or "gateway" to all other remote locations.

Local Addressing

Since data link addressing is ____, it will have a source and destination for each segment or hop of the journey to the destination.