Amines and Amides: Structure, Properties, and Reactions

Amines

Derivatives of ammonia with hydrogen replaced by R groups.

Primary amine

One hydrocarbon group attached to nitrogen.

Secondary amine

Two hydrocarbon groups attached to nitrogen.

Tertiary amine

Three hydrocarbon groups attached to nitrogen.

IUPAC naming for amines

Use longest carbon chain, suffix -amine.

Diamines

Compounds with two nitrogen atoms present.

Aniline

Most important aromatic amine, C6H5NH2.

Heterocyclic amines

Amines in ring compounds with different atoms.

Hydrogen bonding in amines

Primary and secondary amines can form hydrogen bonds.

Boiling points of amines

Lower than alcohols of similar molecular weight.

Tertiary amines and hydrogen bonds

Cannot form hydrogen bonds due to no H attached.

Solubility of amines

Amines with <6 carbons are water soluble.

Odor of low molecular weight amines

Sharp, penetrating odor similar to ammonia.

Hydrogen bonding influence

Affects physical properties like boiling points.

Acidic hydrolysis of amides

Reaction producing carboxylic acids and amines.

Basic hydrolysis of amides

Reaction producing amines and carboxylate ions.

Uses of biological amines

Serve as neurotransmitters in biological systems.

N-alkyl group

Indicates an alkyl group attached to nitrogen.

Physical state of low molecular weight amines

Gases at room temperature, heavier are liquids/solids.

Weak Bases

Amines produce OH− ions in water solutions.

Ammonium Salts

Formed when amines react with strong acids.

Amine Salts

Formed by amines reacting with acids, creating salts.

Solubility of Amine Salts

More soluble in water than parent amines.

pH Dependence of Amines

Amines exist as salts in low pH solutions.

Quaternary Ammonium Salts

Positively charged ions with four groups attached to nitrogen.

Choline

A component of certain lipids, important for health.

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter involved in nerve impulse transmission.

Amides

Compounds with a carbonyl group bonded to nitrogen.

Amide Linkage

Carbonyl carbon-nitrogen single bond in amides.

Amide Formation

Reaction of acid chlorides with amines to form amides.

Naming Amides

Change carboxylic acid name to -amide for amides.

Physical Properties of Amides

Most are colorless solids; formamide is a liquid.

Amide Hydrolysis

Cleavage of amides to produce carboxylic acid and amine.

Polyamides

Condensation polymers formed from diacid chlorides and diamines.

Uses of Polyamides

Used in textiles, fasteners, and medical applications.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical bridges for nerve impulse transmission.

Dopamine

Neurotransmitter synthesized from tyrosine, affects mood.

Norepinephrine

Influences mood, synthesized from dopamine, affects blood pressure.

Serotonin

Regulates mood, sleep, and sensory perception.

Epinephrine

Hormone increasing blood glucose, released in stress.