UNIT 2 BIOLOGY SALESKA

Carl Von Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy

Taxon

arrange organisms into increasingly inclusive groups

King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial Nomenclature

2 part specific name

Genus and Species

Species

All potentially interbreeding and anatomically distinct organisms of the same kind that can produce fertile offspring

Do not breed with other species

Some organisms can hybridize

Physical characteristics

DNA

Regular traits

Role in environment

How do we classify individual organisms into various taxa?

Population

members of the same species living in a common area

Geographically by barriers

Genetically by random variations in the relative frequency of different genotypes

Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

4 Kingdoms

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista

Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Monera

Domain Archaea

other single-celled prokaryotes, very resistant, can live in harsh conditions

Classical Taxonomy uses 5 Kingdoms

Kingdom=Largest Taxon

Major differences in anatomy and physiology

All organisms belong to 1 of the kingdoms

Kingdom Monera

Single-celled (Unicellular)

Cell walls (non-cellulose- protein/carbohydrate based)

No nucleus (prokaryotic)

Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic

Role of Bacteria: decomposition of nutrients

Kingdom Protista

Algae and Protozoans

Most are single-celled (some algae are multicellular)

No tissues or organs

No embryonic stages

Have nucleus (eukaryotic) with membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc.

Some have chloroplasts

Autotrophic- Algae, plant-like, have cell walls and chloroplasts

Heterotrophic- Protozoa, animal-like, no cell walls

Role: Found at the base of food webs/food chains, some protozoans cause disease, some algae used as human food sources

Kingdom Fungi

Most are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic with cellular digestion

Have cell walls made of chitin

Usually reproduce with spores

Made of strands called hyphae which sometimes are massed into mycelium

Ex.- mushrooms, puffballs, yeast, rusts, molds

Role: nature's carbon recyclers

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic

Have chloroplasts, photosynthesis

cell walls made of cellulose

Some plants are vascular and some plants are non-vascular

Xylem

transportation for water

Phloem

transportation for sugar

Non-vascular plants

Simplest plants (photosynthetic, chloroplasts, cell walls, multicellular) but without roots, stems, leaves

No transportation tissue (xylem- water, phloem- sugar)

Must be small and live in damp environments

Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation or sexually with sperm and egg

Ex.- Mosses and Liverworts

Vascular plants

Have true roots, stems, and leaves

Types include seedless, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Seedless

Ferns reproduce with spores in small spots called sori

Gymnosperms

Pine, spruce reproduce with naked seeds on cones

Angiosperms

Oak tree, lily reproduce with protected seeds in fruit/flowers

Spore

single-celled, no internal food source, microscopic, fungi

Seed

multicellular, has a stored food source, large enough to be held and seen, plants

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, internal digestion, no cell walls

Two main types: Invertebrate and Vertebrate

Invertebrate

No backbone

Vertebrate

Has a backbone

Community

several groups of populations of organisms

Ecology

branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Ecosystem

biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

Ex.- rainforest, desert, wetland

Producers

Autotrophs which produce sugar by photosynthesis

Consumers

Heterotrophs which get their sugar from outside sources

Herbivores

eat plants

Carnivore

eat meat

Omnivore

eat plant and meat

Decomposer

specialized type of heterotroph

absorb nutrients by extracellular digestion

Recycle nutrients

Energy

ability to do work

Kinetic energy

movement of energy

Potential energy

stored energy

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another

Energy is converted in ecosystems from autotrophs to heterotrophs

Second law of thermodynamics

No energy conversion is 100% efficient

Entropy (disorder) increases

Some useful energy "lost" as heat

Thermodynamics laws apply to energy in ecosystems

Autotrophs capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis

Nutrient

substance used by all organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce

Energy flows through ecosystems

flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs

Detritivore

an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus

Food webs

Energy flow among populations

Complexity and stability

The greater the number of components in a food web, the greater the stability

Inductive science

studies recurring processes and phenomena

Search for laws and patterns

Predictive

Can be called experimental science

Tries to answer how does nature normally function

Historical science

Studies origins (beginnings)

Seeks to understand past causes and events

No predictive goals

Ex.- Archeology, Forensic Science, Paleontology

Naturalism/Atheism

no miracles

uniformitarianism

no purpose or design in universe or life

Natural world is only reality

Only naturalistic theories valid

no god/no creator

Supernaturalism/Theistic

world and life purposefully designed

Reality exists beyond this world

Intelligent Design is valid hypothesis

Miracles

Creator

Naturalistic evolution

also called macroevolution

mutation and natural selection drive the process forward

Organisms increase in complexity and produce new kinds of species over billions of years

Theistic evolution

Personal God used evolution to create the world

God planned/controls Natural selection, mutations

Process is not random, life has purpose

Roman Catholic view

Evolution occurred under the direction of God

Thomas Malthus

wrote a book about how human populations will increase faster than the food supply and then struggle for survival

Artificial selection

identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

Natural selection

organisms will overpopulate an area and compete for limited resources, natural occurring variation will exist among the competing individuals, and the fittest will win the struggle for survival and a new species will appear through gradual change over time

Dobzhansky

First to integrate work of Mendel and Darwin

Led to the modern theory of evolution known as Neo-Darwinism

Neo-Darwinism

Mendelian genetics, genes, and chromosome theory were used instead of just natural selection to support evolution

Mutation of DNA provided a ranging source of variation

Population genetics

Eliminates damaging genes

Allows populations to adapt to change

Forms new species in isolated populations

What does natural selection actually do in nature?

Creation

God supernaturally created separate, distinct kinds of life

Microevolution can only produce new species within kinds

Microevolution

Change occurs within a kind and not between different kinds

Kind

within range

astronomy

branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe

astrology

pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the movements and relative positions of celestial objects

cosmogony

study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the univers

cosmology

study of the universe’s structure and changes in the present

hydrogen and helium

the two elements that came out of the Big Bang

186,252 miles/second

how long does it take light to travel

between 200 billion and 2 trillion

numbers of stars in galaxy

Milky Way Galaxy

Contains the solar system and approximately 200 billion stars and 500 other solar systems

Galileo

Created a telescope in 1610 and tried to prove that the sun was the center of the universe

8

how many plants are in the solar system

rocky (terresterial) and gas giants (jovian)

2 categories of planets

Jupiter

what is the largest planet

mercury

which planet is closest to the sun

venus and mars

which 2 planets are closest to earth

Neptune and Uranus

which 2 planets are the farthest from the sun

Solar System

Group of objects gravitationally bound to the Sun. This includes 8 planets which revolve around the Sun in the same ecliptic and orbits the Sun along with planets with moons, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets

heliocentric

sun is at the center of the solar system

geocentric

earth is at the center of the solar system

Nicholas Copernicus

believed the sun is the center

helium

first element according to the big bang

sun

contains almost 99% of Solar System’s mass

Produces energy from thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium

Some energy is converted to autotrophs/producers through the process of photosynthesis into glucose

Its surface is called the photosphere

It is a fluid rather than a solid and different latitudes spin at different rates

Northern Lights

caused by solar flares

revolution

planet’s movement around the sun

rotation

planet’s spinning on its axis one full turn or time

inner planets

terrestrial, rocky, mineral based, closest to the sun

outer planets

jovian, gas giants, farthest from the sun

Mercury

fast revolution, slow rotation, closest to the sun, smallest planet

venus

thick blanket of CO2, traps heat, first starlike object to appear at night

Earth

water, nutrient cycles (CO2), magnetic field, revolution causes seasons

mars

very cold, potentially supports life, rotation same as earth

solstice

standing sun, longest or shortest day or night

equinox

equal day and nightju

jupiter

largest planet, rotates in 10 hours, atmospheric pressure

saturn

low density, 4 concentric rings, landscape similar to Earth

Uranus

lies on its side

Neptune

mass is 17 times greater than Earth

Pluto

it is a dwarf planet because it cannot clear the neighborhood around its orbit (be able to smash things and live on its own)

asteroid belt

collection of more than 150,000 rocks located between the orbits of mars and jupiter

meteor

asteroids that fall into the Earth’s atmosphere