Chapter 1 Anatomy

FA26-IN-BIOL-N261-30804

Anatomy (morphology)

The study of internal and external structures in the body. Structure determines function.

Branches of anatomy are…

1. microscopic anatomy

2. gross anatomy

3. developmental anatomy

4. comparative anatomy

5. pathological anatomy

6. radiographic anatomy

7. surgical anatomy

microscopic anatomy

the study of body structures that cannot be viewed without magnification

histology (study of tissues) / cytology (study of cells)

gross anatomy

the study of body structures which are visible without magnification

surface anatomy (the study of shapes and markings on the bodies surface)

regional anatomy (study of all structures in specific body area)

systemic anatomy (study of all organs and their functions)

histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

surface anatomy

the study of shapes and markings on the bodies surface

regional anatomy

study of all structures in specific body area

systemic anatomy

study of all organs and their functions

developmental anatomy

examines structural changes over time

embryology (study of first two months of development)

embryology

study of first two months of development

Comparative anatomy

study of anatomy on different types of animals

pathological anatomy

study of structural changes in cell tissues and organs caused by disease

Radiographic anatomy

involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays,

ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body

Levels of structural organization

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

5. organ system level

6. organism level

Levels of structural organization: chemical level

atoms combine to form molecules and macromolecules to form the body

Levels of structural organization: cellular level

cells are comprised of molecules and are the smallest living unit in the body

Levels of structural organization: tissue level

many cells and some surrounding material

Levels of structural organization: organ level

combination of tissues

Levels of structural organization: organ system level

organs that work closely together to accomplish a similar purpose

Levels of structural organization: organism level

the highest level of structural organization

The 4 elements that make up 99% of the body

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen

5 major classes of compounds apart of the chemical level of a cell

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

The human body is composed of ___ organ systems

11 organ systems

The human bodies 11 organ systems

1. Integumentary

2. Skeletal

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

5. Endocrine

6. Cardiovascular

7. Lymphatic/Immune

8. Respiratory

9. Digestive

10. Urinary

11. Reproductive

    
    

Integumentary System

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control.

Skeletal System

Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation.

Muscular System

Locomotion, support, heat production.

Nervous System

Directing immediate responses to stimuli; coordinating and moderating the activities of other organ systems.

Endocrine System

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems.

Cardiovascular System

Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases.

Lymphoid System

Defense against infection and disease.

Respiratory System

Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood.

Digestive System

Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water.

Urinary System

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH.

Reproductive System

Production of sex cells and hormones.

Integumentary System is comprised of…

Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

Skeletal System is comprised of…

Bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, bone marrow

Muscular System is comprised of…

Skeletal muscles, tendons

Nervous System is comprised of…

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

Endocrine System is comprised of…

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes

Cardiovascular System is comprised of…

Heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries

Lymphoid System is comprised of…

Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils

Respiratory System is comprised of…

Nose/nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive System is comprised of…

Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, rectum, anus

Reproductive System is comprised of…

Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands.

Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis

Urinary System is comprised of…

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Responsiveness (irritability)

is a change activity based upon a stimulus.

Adaptability

is long-term responsiveness.

Growth

is the increase in size of an organism.

Differentiation

is becoming specialized to perform particular functions.

Reproduction

is the production of new generations of the same organism.

Movement

is the ability to change the position of something.

Metabolism

is all of the chemical reactions in the body.

anabolism / catabolism

Anabolism

is the bonding of chemicals together.

Catabolism

is the breaking of chemical bonds.

Absorption

is the process of bringing chemicals into the body.

Respiration

is the absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells.

Excretion

is the removal of wastes.

Digestion

is the processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed.

Superficial Anatomy

anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures.

Types of anatomical landmarks

1. anatomical position

2. supine

3. prone

anatomical position

A universal reference posture.

The person standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing froward (anteriorly), feet flat on floor, face straight ahead.

supine anatomical position

is lying down with the face up. palm facing upwards

prone anatomical position

is lying down with the face down. palms facing floor.

Complete the illustration by correctly placing the following terms.

a. Cephalic
b. Axillary
c. Brachial
d. Carpal
e. Coxal
f. Frontal
g. Cervical
h. Acromial
i. Pectoral
j. Sternal
k. Abdominal
l. Antebrachial
m. Genital
n. Femoral
o. Crural
p. Pedal

What system?

reproductive

What system?

endocrine system

What system?

cardiovascular system

What system?

lymphoid system

What system?

respiratory system

What system?

integumentary system

What system?

digestive system

What system?

urinary system

What system?

skeletal system

What system?

muscular system

What system?

nervous system

Axial region

anatomical region that consists of head, neck and torso

appendicular region

anatomical region that consists of upper and lower limbs

Superior (cranial or cephalic) direction

above the point of reference; towards the head end or upper part of a structure or the body.

Inferior (caudal) direction

below the point of reference; toward the tail end or lower part of a structure or the body.

Anterior (ventral) direction

toward or at the front of the body; in front of; the front or belly side.

Posterior (dorsal) direciton

toward or at the back of the body; behind; the back side.

Medial position

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Example: The trachea is medial to the arm.

Lateral position

away from the midline of the body; toward the sides or on the outer sides of.

Example: The ears are lateral to the nose.

Proximal position

closer to the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Example: The shoulders are proximal to the elbows.

distal position

away from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Example: The fingers are distal to the wrist.

superficial (external) position

closer to or at the body surface.

Example: The skin is superficial to the heart.

deep (internal) position

farther from or away from the body surface; more internal.

Example: The lungs are deep to the skin.

ipsilateral position

on the same side

example: The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral

contralateral position

on opposite sides

Example: the right arm and left leg are contralateral.

area of the head

Common Term

CEPHALON (cephalic)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

neck region

Common Term

CERVICIS (cervical)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

neck region

Common Term

THORACIS (thoracic)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

upper arm

Common Term

BRACHIUM (brachial)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

forearm

Common Term

ANTEBRACHIUM (antebrachial)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

wrist

Common Term

CARPUS (carpal)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

hand

Common Term

MANUS (manual)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

thumb

Common Term

POLLICIS (pollex)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)

abdominal region

Common Term

ABDOMEN (abdominal)

Anatomical Name (Anatomical Region)