Comparative anatomy lab exam 1

Anterior

Front of body

Posterior

Back of body

Cranial

Head

Caudal

Rear

Superior

(Cranial) human

Inferior

(Caudal) human

Dorsal

Spine /top

Ventral

Underside

Proximal

Close to center

Distal

Far from center

Rostral

Nose

Medial

Close to median plane

Lateral

Away from median plane

Palmar

Front pawpads

Plantar

Rear paw pad

Frontal plane

Dorsal/ventral

Sagittal plane

Left/right

Median plane

Sagittal midline

Transverse plane

Cranial / caudal

Defining characteristics of Phylum Chordata? (5)

Notochord, post-anal tail, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle /subpharyngeal gland

Nerve cord in Amphioxus vs Ammocoetes

Ammocoetes has brain, amphioxus does not

How does the myomere function with the notochord

Notochord is the structure that bends towards contracted myomere creating locomotion

Amphioxus moving food and water through pharynx

buccal cirri create current (passive)

Ammocoetes moving food and water through pharynx

muscles in pharynx, gills and esophagus (active)

Structure homologous to thyroid in vertebrate?

Endostyle (amphioxus) and subpharyngeal gland (ammocoetes)

Where does gas exchange take place in Amphioxus?

Pharyngeal slits and epithelium

Where does gas exchange take place in Ammocoetes?

gills

What blood vessel brings blood from heart to gills?

ventral aorta

What blood vessel brings blood from gills to body?

dorsal aorta

Function of brachial basket

contracts and expands to original volume to suck and expel water through gills

Four functions of the skeletal system?

1) Protect brain, spinal cord, thoracic, and pelvic organs

2) lend shape to body

3) framework for muscles for motion

4) house homopoietic tissue

What makes up the mandibular arch in shark?

Platoquadrate and meckel’s cartilage

What makes up the hyoid arch in shark?

Hyomandibular, basihyal, ceratohyal

What makes up the Brachial arch in shark?

Pharyngobranchial, epibranchial, ceratobrachial, hypobrachial, basibrachial

How does the shark have independent movement of the jaw?

Hyostylic jaw suspension by hyomandibular cartilage

What evolved from hyomandibular cartilage?

stapes

What evolved from the quadrate?

Incus

What evolved from the meckel’s cartilage?

Malleus

Two vertibral regions in a shark

Trunk vertebrae (no hemal arch), caudal vertebrae (hemal arch)

Two modifications observed in the vertebral column of necturus?

Atlas for head mobility and sacral attach vertibrae to pelvic region

5 regions of vertebral column of cat?

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal

Shark and necturus vertebral type?

Amphiocoelous

Bird vertebral type? function?

heterocoelous, saddle enable movement

Cat vertebrae type?

acoelous (square)

What is between bodies of vetebrae in cat?

inner vertibral disk, cartilage outer region and gelatinous nucleus pupulous (notochord reminance)

Ribs 3 functions?

1) protect thoracic organs

2) assist in breathing

3) attachment of muscles for movement

Limbs can be divided into 3 groups

Stylopodium, Zeugopodium, Autopodium

Stylopodium bones

Humerus, femur

Zeugopodium bones

Radius and ulna, fibula and tibia

Autopodium forelimb

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges , manus

Autopodium hindlimb

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, pez

How is the limb of the tetrapod similar to the structure of the fin of the shark?

increase amount of bones/cartilage as move distally down limb

What are the cartilage of pectoral girdle of shark?

corocoid bar and scapular cartilage

What are the cartilage of pectoral fin of shark?

basal pterygiophores and radial pterygiophores

Name of the fin rays of the shark?

ceratotrachia

What are the fin rays of the shark composed of?

Keratin

List pectoral limb of cat

humerus, radius & ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

List of pelvic limb of cat

Femur, fibula & tibia, torsal (talus & calcaneus), metatorsals, phalanges