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motivation
Process by which activities are started, directed and continued
extrinsic motivation
When a person performs an action because it leads to desired outcome that is separate from the person
intrinsic motivation
When a person performs an action because the act of doing it is rewarding or pleasurable
instincts
Biologically determined patterns of behavior in humans and animals
need
Requirement of something physical that is necessary for survival
drive
Psychological and physical tension (arousal) which arises when there is a need that is not being met
drive-reduction theory
Assumes that behaviors arise as a result of trying to minimize the tension that arises from drives and to satisfy a need
homeostasis
The tendency of the body to maintain a balanced internal state
primary drives
Drives that involve innate needs of the body
secondary drives
Drives that are learned through experience or conditioning
need for achievement
A strong desire to succeed in attaining goals
need for affiliation
Need for friendly interactions and relationships with others
need for power
Need to have control or influence others
stimulus motive
Innate desire for stimulation such as curiosity, exploration and thrill-seeking
arousal theory
Idea that people have an optimal level of tension (stress) which we seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation
Yerkes-Dodson law
States that easy tasks require more arousal for optimal performance while difficult tasks are best performed with less stress. Most tasks require moderate arousal for optimal performance.
sensation seeker
Someone who needs more arousal than the average person
incentives
things that attract or lure people into action
incentive approach
Theory that most behavior is explained by the desire to obtain rewards
expectancy-value theory
Suggests that the value of rewards differ from person to person based on our beliefs, values and expectations
self-actualization
Maslow's idea that each person has a need to realize their full unique potential
self-determination theory
Deci and Ryan's theory asserting that all humans have three basic, innate organismic needs: competence, relatedness, and autonomy and explains the benefits of intrinsic motivation
leptin
hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant the brain increases metabolism and decreases hunger
hierarchy of needs
Maslow's theory suggesting that our most basic physical needs must be met before we are motivated by higher level psychological and existential needs
glucose
form of sugar in our blood that provides energy.
set point
the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set
basal metabolic rate
the body's resting rate of energy expenditure
ventromedial hypothalamus
responsible for decreasing feelings of hunger
lateral hypothalamus
responsible for increasing feelings of hunger
insulin
A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, reduces glucose levels in the blood causing us to feel hungry
glucagons
hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bloodstream
orexin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
