2.8: Intelligence and Achievement

What are the four theories of intelligence?

Heritability, Factor Analysis, Multiple Intelligences, Triarchic Theory

Heritability Theory

intelligence is determined by heredity, incorporated eugenics

Factor Theory

(g) general intelligence is composed of multiple (s) specific skills

Multiple Intelligences

intelligence is a combination of several different types

Triarchic Theory

practical, analytical, creative

what type of psychologists devise intelligence tests?

psychometric

Binet- Simon Intelligence Test

1905 Paris: assigned children a ‘mental age’ to determine who needed more help

Stanford Binet Intelligence Test

1905: Terman modified Binet-Simon Test to be used in America

Wechsler Scales of Intelligence

1945: contains 4 domains and assigns percentile rank

4 domains of Wechsler Scales

Verbal Comprehension, Working Memory, Perceptual Organization, Processing Speed

IQ formula

(mental age /chronological age)*100

intelligence tests must meet…

psychometric principles

what are the 3 psychometric principles?

Standardization & Norms, Validity, Reliability

Standardization & Norms

Uniform testing procedures. Groups should be clustered by a common factor.

Validity

a test is successful in measuring what it is supoosed to measure

content validity

content of test is related to content of material

face validity

content of test is relevant to test taker

constructive validity

assessment is based on the concepts underlying the subject

Predictive Validity

assessment accurately predicts future performances, consistent

Reliability

consistency and stability of results

test- retest reliability

multiple scores of the same individual are consistent

split- half reliability

different components of an exam are comparable in difficulty

Mean and Standard Deviation of Normal Distribution of Intelligence

Mean=100

SD=15

stereotype threat vs stereotype lift

individuals perform worse when told their group typically does VS individuals perform better when told the

what addresses stereotype threat?

socioculturally responsible assessments

reaction range

An individual's genetic makeup sets a limit or range for certain traits, such as intelligence, while the environment determines where within that range the individual will fall

The Flynn Effect

the observed long-term rise in average IQ test scores across generations

IQ scores

vary more within racial groups than between them

Personal Bias

examiner expectations, treatment of participants, and scoring affects results

Sociocultural Bias

When test reflects values and knowledge of dominant culture

Which is not an environmental factor that influences scores?

Genetics

Scores from intelligence tests have historically been used to limit access to…

jobs, military ranks, educational institutions, immigration to the US

Achievement tests measure

knowledge learned

Aptitude tests measure

problem solving and reasoning

fixed mindset

belief that change is impossible and that intelligence is fixed

growth mindset

belief in change with practice and that improvement is possible.