Physical Examination

• Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Recent fluid consumption

• Commonly seen in random urine

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• Pale yellow

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Diabetes insipidus or mellitus

Diabetes Melltius

What type of diabetes gas HIGHER SG

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• Dark yellow

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Concentrated Sample

• Due to strenous exercise or first morning urine

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Dehydration from fever or burns

• Excessive conversion of urobilinogen to urobilin

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Due to bilirubin

• _^Colorless

• Bright Yellow

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Vitamin B-Complex

• Riboflavin

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• Yellow Green

• _^Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin

• _^Colorless

• _{^{Bright Yellow}}

• _{^{Pale yellow}}

• _{^{Dark yellow}}

• _{^{Yellow Green}}

• Green

• _^Amber

• _^Orange

URINE COLOR:

• Pseudomonas infection

• INTACT HEMATURIA

_{^{[Red + Clear = hemoglobinuria/myoglobinuria]}}

Urine is RED and CLOUDY

Hemoglobinuria

• Urine is RED and CLEAR

• Plasma = Red

Myoglobinuria

• Urine is RED and CLEAR

• Plasma = CLEAR

Porhyria

Port Wine Color

Hemoglobinuria

BLONDHEIM’s TEST:

• CLEAR Supernantant

• Negative Blood in reagent strip

Myoglobinuria

BLONDHEIM’s TEST:

• RED Supernantant

• Positive Blood in reagent strip

Melanin

What causes urine to go BROWN/BLACK after exposure to air

• Clear — no particulates

• _{^{Hazy — few particulates}}

• _{^{Cloudy — many particulates}}

• _{^{Turbid — print can’t seen}}

• _{^{Milky —may precipitate}}

CAUSE: All solutes are soluble

CLARITY: _{^{[provide possible cause]}}

• No visible particles

• Transparent

• _{^{Clear — no particulates}}

• Hazy — few particulates

• _{^{Cloudy — many particulates}}

• _{^{Turbid — print can’t seen}}

• _{^{Milky —may precipitate}}

CAUSE: Rbc and Wbc

CLARITY: _{^{[provide possible cause]}}

• Few particulates

• Print easily seen through urine

• _{^{Clear — no particulates}}

• _{^{Hazy — few particulates}}

• Cloudy — many particulates

• _{^{Turbid — print can’t seen}}

• _{^{Milky —may precipitate}}

CAUSE: Crystals, (bacteria, yeast), Fats, Epithelial cells

CLARITY: _{^{[provide possible cause]}}

• Many particulates

• Print blurred through the urine

• _{^{Clear — no particulates}}

• _{^{Hazy — few particulates}}

• _{^{Cloudy — many particulates}}

• Turbid — print can’t seen

• _{^{Milky —may precipitate}}

CAUSE: Mucus, mucin, pus, radiographic dye, semen, contaminants

CLARITY: _{^{[provide possible cause]}}

• Print cannot be seen though urine

• _{^{Clear — no particulates}}

• _{^{Hazy — few particulates}}

• _{^{Cloudy — many particulates}}

• _{^{Turbid — print can’t seen}}

• Milky —may precipitate

CAUSE: fats and lymph

CLARITY: _{^{[provide possible cause]}}

• May precipitate or clotted

Nubecula

Faint cloud of turbidity seen in urine after standing

• Amorphous urates

• Uric Acid

ENUMERATE THE URINE ELEMENTS:

• Soluble to heat (60*C)

• RBCs

• Amorphous phosphates

• Carbonates

ENUMERATE THE URINE ELEMENTS:

• Soluble to acetic acid

• WBCs

• Bacteria

• Yeast

• Spermatozoa

ENUMERATE THE URINE ELEMENTS:

• INSOLUBLE to acetic acid

• Lipids

• Lymphatic Fluid

• Chyle

ENUMERATE THE URINE ELEMENTS:

• Soluble to ether

• Urea (20%)

• Sodium Chloride (25%)

• Sulfate

• Phosphate

Most common contributor of normal urine SPECIFIC GRAVITY

1.010

SPECIFIC GRAVITY: plasma filtrate entering glomerulus

• Random urine = 1.003 - 1.035

• 24 hour urine = 1.015 - 1.025

SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

• Random urine =

• 24 hour urine =

• 1.000 —water

• >1.035 —radiographic media

Minimum and maximum of PHYSIOLOGICALLY IMPOSSIBLE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

URINOMETER:

• 10-15mL

• corrections for: temperature, protein, glocuse

• Required urine sample volume for URINOMETER

• What are the parameters it needs to be corrected for?

• COLD — subtract 0.001 for every 3*C [below 20]

• WARM — add 0.001 for evert 3*C [above 20]

URINOMETER SG CORRECTION:

• Cold

• Warm

• GIVcose = subtract 0.004 per 1g

• Prot3in = subtract 0.003 per 1g

SUBTRACT ANG DUHA!!

URINOMETER SG CORRECTION:

• Glucose

• Protein

• Water = 1.000

• 3% NaCl = 1.015

• 5% NaCl = 1.022

• 7% NaCl = 1.035

• 9% Sucrose = 1.034

Mediums used to calibrate REFRACTOMETER, give also their SG

• Glucose and Protein

_{^{[URINOMETER = temp, glucose, protein]}}

REFRACTOMETER needs to be calibrated for what parameter?

ODOR:

• Bactetial Decomposition

• UTI

• old urine

ODOR:

• KETONE PRODUCTION:

  • Diabetes Mellitus

  • Starvation

  • Strenous exercise

  • Vomiting, diarrhea

Mousy, Musty, Barny

ODOR:

• Phenylketonuria

Rancid

ODOR:

• Tyrosinemia

Swearty Feet

ODOR:

• Isovaleric acidemia

• glutaric acidemia

Cabbage, Hops

ODOR:

• Methionine malabsorption

Rotting Fish

ODOR:

• Trimethylaminuria

Menthol

ODOR:

• Phenol-containing medications

Rotten Egg

_{^{[rotten fish = trimethyl aminuria]}}

ODOR:

• Cystinuria

Swimming Pool

ODOR:

• Hawkinsinuria

Odorless

ODOR:

• Acute Tubular Necrosis

Cat urine

ODOR:

• Hydroxymethylglutaric aciduria

Tom Cat

ODOR:

• Multiple carboxylase deficiency