lecture exam 1

what is the smallest structure listed in the levels of organisation of the human body?

the atom

Put the levels of organization in order from smallest to largest

Atom → molecule → organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

what is the correct definition of the buccal region?

buccal = cheek/face region

what is the cranial region?

the skull/cranium

what is the lumbar region?

the lower back

what is the mental region?

the chin

which anatomical term and definition is correct?

mental = chin

The carpals are more medial than the cervical vertebrae. True or false?

False. The carpals are in the wrist and are inferior to the cervical vertebrae.

The tarsals are inferior to the gluteal region. True or false?

True. Tarsals are in the ankle/foot, which is below the gluteal region.

The brachial region is deep to the crural region. True or false?

False. The brachial region (upper arm) is superior to the crural region (lower leg)

what does “superior” mean?

toward the head/upper part of the body

what does “inferior” mean?

away from the head/toward the lower part of the body

what does “medial” mean?

toward the midline of the body

what does “lateral” mean?

away from the midline of the body

what does “superficial” mean?

closer to the surface of the body

Cephalic is to caudal as dorsal is to superior. True or false?

Cephalic and caudal are opposite directions, but dorsal and superior are not opposites.

what does cephalic mean?

towards the head

what does caudal mean?

towards the tail/lower part of the body

what does dorsal mean?

towards the back of the body

what does ventral mean?

towards the front of the body

what plane divides the body into left and right portions?

the sagittal plane

what plane divides the body into equal left and right halves?

the midsagittal (median) plane

what plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

the frontal/coronal plane

what plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

the transverse plane

which plane would divide down the medial line of your body?

sagittal plane - specifically the midsagittal plane if it divides the body into equal halves

what is the “recovery position”?

laying on your side

is the hyoid bone the only movable bone of the skull?

False. The mandible is the movable bone of the skull. The hyoid is movable but is not technically a skull bone

what is the hyoid bone?

a u-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and helps with swallowing

what is the main function of the facial bones?

they protect the entrances of the digestive and respiratory tracts and provide structure for the face

what is the main function of the facial bones?

they protect the entrances to the digestive and respiratory tracts and provide structure for the face

what is the main function of the cranial bones?

to protect the brain

which cranial bone forms the anterior cranium, forehead, and superior surface of the orbits?

frontal bone

which bone forms the back and base of the skull?

occipital bone

which large opening is found in the occipital bone?

the foramen magnum

what passes through the foramen magnum?

the spinal cord

how many cranial bones are there?

8

what are the 8 cranial bones?

• 1 frontal

• 2 parietal

• 2 temporal

• 1 occipital

• 1 sphenoid

• 1 ethmoid

which bones form the upper jaw and hold the upper teeth?

the maxillae

what is the mandible?

the lower jaw bone

what is the difference between the maxilla and mandible?

maxilla = upper jaw

mandible = lower jaw

what are the five regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?

Cervical → thoracic → lumbar → sacrum → coccyx

which region of the vertebral column is the most superior?

cervical

which region comes after the cervical vertebrae?

thoracic

which regions comes after the thoracic vertebrae?

lumbar

what is below the lumbar vertebrae?

the sacrum

what is at the very bottom of the vertebral column?

the coccyx

what is the main function of the vertebral body?

it is the main weight-bearing portion of a vertebra

why are lumbar vertebrae larger than cervical vertebrae?

Lumbar vertebrae support more weight because they are lower in the vertebral column and carry the weight of the body above them

which vertebrae generally have the largest vertebral bodies?

lumbar vertebrae

how many cervical vertebrae do humans have?

7

what regions contains C1-C7?

the cervical region

where are the cervical vertebrae located?

in the neck

how many thoracic vertebrae do humans have?

12

what thoracic regions contains T1-T2?

the thoracic region

what are costal facets?

articular surfaces on the thoracic vertebrae where ribs attach

which vertebrae have costal facets?

thoracic vertebrae

what is the function of costal facets?

they provide attachment/articulation sites for the ribs

how many lumbar vertebrae do humans have?

5

where are lumbar vertebrae located?

in the lower back

why are lumbar vertebrae large and thick?

they must support more body weight

how can you identify a cervical vertebra?

it is a vertebra from the neck and typically has transverse foramina

how can you identify a thoracic vertebra?

it has costal facets for articulation with ribs

how can you identify a lumbar vertebra?

it has a large, thick vertebral body because it bears substantial weight

what are the three parts of the sternum?

Manubrium → body → xiphoid process

what is the manubrium?

the superior portion of the sternum

what is the xiphoid process?

the inferior portion of the sternum

what is found at the bottom of the sternum body?

the xiphoid process

what is the jugular notch?

a notch at the superior border of the manubrium

how many pairs of ribs do humans have?

12 pairs, or total of 24 ribs total

what are true ribs?

ribs 1-7, which attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage

what are false ribs?

ribs 8-12, which do not attach directly to the sternum

what are floating ribs?

ribs 11-12, which have no attachment to the sternum

is rib #6 a true, false, or floating rib?

true rib

which ribs are true ribs

1-7

which ribs are false ribs?

8-12

which ribs are floating ribs?

11-12

what does the appendicular skeleton include?

the girdles and limbs

what are the two major divisions of the skeleton?

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

what does the axial skeleton include?

the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

what does the appendicular skeleton include?

the upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdles, and pelvic girdle

which lower-leg bone supports most of the body’s weight?

the tibia

which bone is the larger, medial bone of the lower leg?

the tibia

which bone is the thinner, lateral bone of the lower leg?

the fibula

what is the difference between the tibia and fibula?

tibia = medial and weight-bearing

fibula = lateral and primarily provides muscle attachment/stability

which bone is the thigh bone?

the femur

what is the largest and strongest bone in the human body?

the femur

what is the hallux?

the big toe

what is the anatomical name for the big toe?

hallux

how many phalanges are in one foot?

14

how many toes does each foot have?

5 toes

how many phalanges does each of the four smaller toes have?

3 each - proximal, middle, and distal

how many phalanges does the hallux (big toe) have?

2 - proximal and distal

what is the calcaneus?

the heel bone

what bone is primarily involved in stepping, jumping, and landing?

the calcaneus

what is the talus?

a tarsal bone that sits on top of the calcaneus and articulates with the tibia

is the talus the heel bone?

No. the calcaneus is the heel bone

what is the only bone of the arm?

the humerus

what are the two bones of the forearm?

radius and ulna

which forearm bone is lateral in anatomical position?

radius

which forearm bone is medial in anatomical position?

ulna