APUSH Period 2

Why 1607-1754?

• Creation of Jamestown

• end of colonial period/seven years war

French and Indian War/Seven Year’s War

• duration

• paved way for what

• lasting from 1754 to 1763, represented colonial events related to the European conflict known as the Seven Years' War

• paved way for British dominance on continent

Popé’s Rebellion/Pueblo Revolt

• date

• led by who

• uprising against who

• demonstrated what

• 1680

• an uprising in by indigenous Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in what is now New Mexico

• led by a man named Popé, successfully expelled the Spanish for over a decade

• demonstrated the potential for American Indian resistance to European expansion

Samuel de Champlain

• founded what

• accomplishment

• A French explorer who founded Quebec City in 1608

• "The Father of New France"

• He also mapped much of northeastern North America and started relationships with several Native American tribes

Iroquois Confederacy

• powerful Native American confederacy in North America

• consisting of six tribes: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.

• played a significant role in colonial-era politics and warfare

Roanoke Failure

• date

• failure by who to do what

• unsuccessful attempt by England to establish its first colony in North America on Roanoke Island (present-day North Carolina)

• 1585

John Smith

• leader of what

• accomplishments (4)

• became leader in Jamestown

• traded with the local natives for food

• established a stronger system of government

• motivated the early colonists

• mapped the Chesapeake Bay.

Starving Time

• duration

• causes

• consequences

• Winter of 1609-1610

• John Smith injured, returns to England → Colony lacked capable authority

• three-quarters of the English colonists in Virginia died of starvation or starvation-related diseases

House of Burgesses

• formed in

• first what in North America

• who could vote

• formed in 1619 in Virginia

• first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America

• any property holding white male could vote

Headright System

• designed to do what

• what did they grant settlers

• land grant program designed to attract settlers to Jamestown

• Settlers were granted a certain amount of land (usually 50 acres) for each person whose passage they paid to Virginia.

Plymouth Colony

• date

• English colonial venture in North America from 1620 - 1691 at a location that had previously been surveyed and named by Captain John Smith.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

• founded by

• purpose

• English settlement established on the east coast of North America during the early 17th century 1629

• It was founded by Puritan settlers seeking to establish a pure church in the New World.

Governor John Winthrop

• famous quote

• leading figure of what

• “we shall be as a city upon a hill”

• English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding Massachusetts Bay Colony

Middle Colonies

• states

• known for what

• governments dominated by who

• New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

• known for their diversity, rich soil and successful farming

• colonial self government (unusually democratic)

• governments dominated by wealthy elites

New England Colonies

• area

• states

• Northeastern

• Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

Penn’s Holy Experiment

• by who

• purpose

• based on what principle

• attempt by William Penn, a Quaker, to establish a community in Pennsylvania (1681-1701) where religious freedom and political equality could be practiced.

• It was called the "Holy Experiment" because it sought to test the idea of creating a society based on Quaker principles.

Chesapeake Colonies

• states

• known for

• British colonies located along the Chesapeake Bay

• Virginia and Maryland

• They were known for their tobacco plantations which relied heavily on indentured servants and later African slaves for labor.

Southern Colonies

• known for what

• dominated by who

• Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

• They were known for their agricultural economy, particularly tobacco and rice cultivation

• dominated by elite planters

The Act of Toleration 1649

• passed where

• granted what

• passed in Maryland

• It granted religious freedom to Christians living in Maryland but death penalty for anyone denying Jesus' divinity.

Mercantilism

• emphasized what

• main idea

• emphasized the accumulation of wealth (especially gold and silver) by the state.

• fixed amount of wealth in the world, need to accumulate as much as possible w favorable balance of trade (exports > imports)

Navigation Acts

• passed by who

• regulated what

• purpose

• laws passed by England that regulated trade between England and its colonies

• aimed to ensure that England reaped most benefits from colonial trade

Salutary Neglect

• passed by who

• what did it do

• purpose

• This was an unofficial British policy in the colonies that allowed them to violate the Navigation Laws as long as they remained loyal to Britain and profitable

• led to the American desire for self-rule and independence

• gave colonists some sense that they were in control

Chief Massasoit

• leader of the Wampanoag tribe when English settlers arrived at Plymouth.

• He is best known for establishing peaceful relations with those settlers.

• Signed peace treaty with pilgrims 1621 → thanksgiving celebration

King Philip's War/Metacom’s War

• (1675-1676)

• was a conflict between Native American tribes and English settlers in New England.

• English expansion and their settlements → led Massasoit’s son, Metacom (King Philip) to forge an Indian alliance to counter white encroachment upon native lands.

• Native Americans lost with many casualties

Beaver Wars

• also known as the Iroquois Wars or French and Iroquois Wars, were a series of conflicts fought in the late 17th century in eastern North America.

• They were primarily driven by the desire to control the fur trade, particularly beaver pelts.

• Iroquois/British/Dutch vs French

Bacon’s Rebellion

• why

• consequences

• 1676

• armed rebellion in by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley

• The colonists were unhappy with how Berkeley was dealing with Native American threats on the frontier

• failed → intensification of african slavery bc lost trust in indentured servants

Slavery in Northern Colonies

• demand for slaves

• freed slaves legally by when

• legalized slavery in the 17th and 18th centuries but their smaller farms and limited soil would make the demand for slaves less than the southern colonies.

•  All northern colonies would free most of their slaves legally by the early 19th century.

Slavery in Southern Colonies

• why high demand

• large agricultural plantations of the South and their single cash crop economies led to a high demand for slaves

The Barbados Code

• 1661

• black slaves were chattel (property) and had no basic rights that they would have been entitled to under normal English common law.

•  This law protected the white slave owners and allowed them to kill slaves without any legal consequences.

The Great Awakening

• series of religious revivals among Protestants in the American colonies between 1720-1755, particularly around 1740.

• It led to the growth of evangelical and revivalist movements

Enlightenment

• An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe during the 18th century.

• It emphasized reason, individualism, skepticism > religion

• bc of print culture

New England Confederation

• was a military alliance formed in 1643 by four English colonies in North America

• Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, and New Haven

• purpose: provide collective security against threats from Native Americans and nearby Dutch colonies

Impressment

• example of growing anglicanization in colonies

• act of seizing colonial men and forcing them to serve in royal navy

• england justified act bc they needed soldiers for wars

Anglicanization

• form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into, influenced by or dominated by the culture of England

• colonies becoming more english-like

Stono Rebellion

• example of what

• when

• 1739

• example of overt resistance

• small group of slaves stole weapons from store, killed owners

• marched along stono river, numbers grew

• burned plantations/killed white ppl

Covert Resistance

• subtle ways enslaved people resisted their masters

• ex. intentionally working slowly, damaging equipment, or using medicinal plants for healing without their master's knowledge.

• secretly maintain cultural customs/belief systems

Overt Resistance

• various strategies employed by enslaved people to resist their enslavement.

• ex. murdering owners, destroying machinery/property, escaping or committing suicide

Natural Rights

• idea that ppl have inborn rights given to them by a creator

Social Contract

• idea that argued that people were in contract with government

• ppl’s job to give some power/authority to government

• government’s job to protect ppl’s natural rights

• if gov breaks contract, its ppl’s rights to overthrow gov

New Light Clergy

• group of Christian colonial ministers

• lamented loss of faith engendered by enlightenment

• began to preach against abandonment of religion

• laid groundwork for the great awakening

Mayflower Compact

• was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony

• modeled on self governing church congregation

Jonathan Edwards/George Whitfield

• notable leaders in the great awakening

• ministers who preached and sparked religious revival