UNIT 4

Santa Anna

Mexican general and president; defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto in the Texas Revolution (1836).

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; introduced the Mormon faith.

Brigham Young

Successor to Joseph Smith; led the Mormon migration to Utah.

John Tyler

10th U.S. president; supported Texas annexation.

James K. Polk

11th U.S. president; championed Manifest Destiny and oversaw the Mexican-American War.

John O’Sullivan

Journalist who coined the term 'Manifest Destiny.'

Zachary Taylor

U.S. general in the Mexican-American War and later 12th U.S. president.

John C. Fremont

Explorer, military leader, and early Republican politician.

Winfield Scott

U.S. general in the Mexican-American War and Civil War strategist.

David Wilmot

Congressman known for the Wilmot Proviso, opposing slavery's expansion.

Henry Clay

'Great Compromiser'; instrumental in the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.

James Buchanan

15th U.S. president; in office during Southern secession.

Stephen Douglas

Senator; debated Lincoln and promoted the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Franklin Pierce

14th U.S. president; supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, influencing anti-slavery sentiment.

Abraham Lincoln

16th U.S. president; led the Union during the Civil War.

John Brown

Abolitionist known for the Harper’s Ferry raid.

John Crittenden

Proposed the Crittenden Compromise to prevent secession.

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general; key military leader.

Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general known for his leadership and tactics.

Ulysses S. Grant

Union general and later 18th U.S. president.

George B. McClellan

Union general; ran against Lincoln in the 1864 election.

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate general and early Ku Klux Klan leader.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general known for his 'March to the Sea.'

John Wilkes Booth

Assassinated Abraham Lincoln.

Andrew Johnson

17th U.S. president; succeeded Lincoln and oversaw early Reconstruction.

Edwin Stanton

Secretary of War under Lincoln; central in Johnson’s impeachment.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th U.S. president; ended Reconstruction through the Compromise of 1877.

Samuel Tilden

Democrat in the disputed 1876 presidential election.

Oregon Territory

Acquired through the Oregon Treaty of 1846 with Britain, symbolizing westward expansion and Manifest Destiny.

Republic of Texas

Independent nation from 1836 to 1845 before being annexed by the U.S., a key event leading to the Mexican-American War.

Mexico

The U.S.-Mexico War (1846–1848) led to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, adding vast territories to the U.S.

San Jacinto

The 1836 battle where Texian forces defeated Mexico, securing Texas' independence.

Santa Fe Trail

A key commercial route linking Missouri to Santa Fe, fostering trade and migration.

Mormon Trail

Used by Mormon pioneers migrating to escape persecution, leading to settlement in Utah.

Great Salt Lake/Utah

Area where the Mormons established their community, becoming Utah Territory.

Deseret

Proposed Mormon state in the West; much of it became Utah Territory.

Puget Sound

Vital for trade and settlement in the Pacific Northwest.

Nueces River

Mexico claimed this as the southern border of Texas, a dispute that led to the Mexican-American War.

Rio Grande River

The U.S. claimed this as Texas' southern border, sparking the boundary conflict with Mexico.

Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory

Created by the Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), allowing popular sovereignty to decide slavery, igniting violent conflicts.

Lecompton, KS

A pro-slavery stronghold during the 'Bleeding Kansas' conflict.

South Carolina

First state to secede from the Union in December 1860 after Lincoln's election.

First Wave of Seceding States

South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.

States that seceded after Ft. Sumter

Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined after the war began in April 1861.

Border Slave States not Seceding

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware; these states remained in the Union but had slavery.

Manassas (Bull Run)

Site of two major Civil War battles, marking the war's early and pivotal clashes.

Shiloh

Key Union victory in Tennessee in 1862, highlighting the war's brutal nature.

Theaters of War

Divided into Eastern, Western, and Trans-Mississippi, defining the geographic focus of battles.

New Orleans

Captured by Union forces in 1862, securing control of the Mississippi River.

Gettysburg

The war's turning point, a Union victory in Pennsylvania (1863) that halted Confederate invasion.

Appomattox Courthouse, VA

Site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender in April 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.

Ford Theater

Location of President Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, 1865.

Military Districts

Created during Reconstruction to enforce federal laws and protect freedpeople's rights in the South.

Manifest Destiny

Belief in U.S. expansion across the continent.

Mexican-American War

War resulting in U.S. territorial expansion (1846-1848).

Wilmot Proviso

Proposed banning slavery in territory acquired from Mexico.

Compromise of 1850

Addressed slavery and territorial issues.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty to determine slavery’s legality.

Dred Scott Case

Supreme Court decision denying African American citizenship.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed slaves in Confederate territories.

Reconstruction

Post-Civil War era of rebuilding and integrating the South.

13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments

Abolished slavery, granted citizenship, and voting rights.

Jim Crow Laws

Enforced racial segregation post-Reconstruction.