Binomial exact hypothesis testing

^p

represents the sample proportion of successes in a binomial distribution, calculated as the number of successes divided by the total number of trials. meaning the statistic/parameter

hypothesis testing

is a statistical method used to make decisions based on experimental data, evaluating the validity of a claim about a population.

null hypothesis

is a statement/ claim asserting that there is no effect or no difference in a population, often denoted as H0. It serves as the default assumption to be tested against an alternative hypothesis.

p-value 

is the probability under the null distribution of a result as a favorableor more extreme than the observed statistic. It quantifies the evidence against the null hypothesis.