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Renaissance
period of cultural rebirth and revival starting in the mid 1300s, emphasizing art, literature, and humanism
Humanism
intellectual movement focusing on human dignity and potential
Classical Era
period from 800 BCE to 500 CE of ancient Greece and Rome
Middle Ages
period of time between the classical era and the Renaissance
Secularism
focus on worldly rather than religious matters
Petrarch
father of humanism; Italian poet and scholar
Philogy
study of language history and textual analysis
Cicero
Roman statesman; influenced Renaissance humanist writing. His writing provided insights on political life in Rome
Vernacular
everyday language used by common people
Ficino
Renaissance humanist who studied Plato and translated texts; promoted Platonic love concepts
Scholasticism
medieval philosophy emphasizing religious inquiries
Individualism
focus on person interests over collective or religious one
Donation of Constantine
forged document disproven by Lorenzo Valla’s analysis
Lorenzo Valla
scholar who exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery
Renaissance Scholars
intellectuals who revived interest in classical texts
Human Dignity
concept emphasized by humanists, valuing individual worth
Platonic Love
intense, spiritual love beyond material concerns
Medici Family
wealthy family in Florence, prominent patrons of the arts
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
philosopher known for blending competing ideas
Oration on the Dignity of Man
Pico della Mirandola’s work on human potential and divinity
Crusades
12th century conflict increasing contact with the Islamic world; brought some classical texts back to Europe
Humanities
study of literature, drama, history, and arts
Liberal Arts
general knowledge areas, distinct from professional skills
Humanists
educators promoting human potential and civic engagement
Secondary Schools
institutions teaching humanities to younger students
Leonardo Bruni
translator of classical texts and biographer
Leon Battista Alberti
wrote in Italian for roader audience understanding; architect and theorist, wrote “On Painting”
Niccolo Machiavelli
Florentine diplomat and political writer; studied Livy, focused on political philosophy, wrote The Prince
Christian Humanists
scholars emphasizing early church texts in Europe
Spiritual Authority
influence of the church over believers’ lives
Renaissance Culture
secular movement impacting art, philosophy, and education
Isotta Nogarola
one of the few female humanists of the period
Human Potential
belief in individuals’ ability to acheive greatness
City-States
independent regions in Italy, often rules by families
Civic Humanist Culture
promotion of active citizenship inspired by classical texts
Athens
birthplace of democracy in classical Greece
Sparta
military-focused city-states in classical Greece
Roman Republic
representative government elected by the people
Baldassare Castiglione
author of The Book of the Courtier
The Book of the Courtier
guide on proper behavior for aristocrats, written by Castiglione
Ideal Courtier
classical educated, skilled in arts, civic-minded
Ideal Female Courtier
educated patron of the arts, support’s husband’s potential
The Prince
Machiavelli’s advice for rulers, separating politics from morality; power and politics
Political Unity
goal of rulers to achieve stability and independence
Cynical View of Human Nature
belief that rulers must be feared, not loved
Machiavellian
ends justify the means; lying and bribery may be necessary as a ruler; ruthless and cunning behavior
The Discourses
Machiavelli’s later work, advocating government under law
Renaissance Diplomats
represented their stated rather than the Christian empire
Despotism
oppressive and absolute power exercised by rulers
Francesco Guicciardini
Machiavelli’s friend and neighbor, wrote on politics from experience
Human Nature
Machiavelli and Guicciardini’s dark view of humanity
Visual Arts
art forms that reflect Renaissance ideals and techniques
Naturalism
artistic aim to imitate nature realistically
Cosimo de’ Medici
commissioned major architectural works in Florence
Filippo Brunelleschi
architect known for the Church of San Lorenzo
Church of San Lorenzo
Reflects Roman and Gothic architecture but on a human scale
Lorenzo de’ Medici
patron who supported artists like Botticelli
Renaissance Architecture
style incorperating classical elements on a human scale
Patrons of the Arts
wealthy individuals commissioning art for prestige
Symbolism in Medieval Art
heavy use of symbols, less focus on realism
Reniassance Painters
artists who emphasized realism and human experience
Donatello
Renaissance sculptor known for marble and bronze
Shallow Sculpture
Donatello’s innovative technique creating depth illusion
Leonardo da Vinci
Renaissance polymath known for the Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
fresco by da Vinci demostrating geometric perspective
Geometric Perspective
technique for representing three-dimensional objects in art; mathematical technique creting space in paintings
Fresco
watercolor on wet plaster
Michelangelo
Renaissance artist known for David and the Sistine Chapel
David
Michelangelo’s marble sculpture depicting the biblical hero
Sistine Chapel
Michelangelo’s painted celling in the Vatican
Papal Commission
pope’s funding for Michelangelo’s artistic works
Raphael
painter known for idealized Virgin Mary depictions
School of Athens
Raphael’s fresco showcasing classical philosophers
On Painting
Alberti’s book on creating three-dimensional images
Santa Maria Novella
Florence church designed by Alberti
Andrea Palladio
architect known for palatial designs and Roman influence
Renaissance Techniques
methods emphasizing harmony, balance, and order in art
Primavera
Botticelli's 1482 painting depicting classical mythology
Democracy
a system of government where the people hold the power and elect officials
Representative Government
the people can represent themselves or can elect someone to represent them
